seaweedfs/seaweed-volume/src/main.rs

use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};

use tracing::{error, info, warn};

use seaweed_volume::config::{self, VolumeServerConfig};
use seaweed_volume::metrics;
use seaweed_volume::pb::volume_server_pb::volume_server_server::VolumeServerServer;
use seaweed_volume::security::tls::{
    build_rustls_server_config, build_rustls_server_config_with_grpc_client_auth,
    install_default_crypto_provider, GrpcClientAuthPolicy, TlsPolicy,
};
use seaweed_volume::security::{Guard, SigningKey};
#[cfg(unix)]
use seaweed_volume::server::debug::build_debug_router;
use seaweed_volume::server::grpc_client::load_outgoing_grpc_tls;
use seaweed_volume::server::grpc_server::VolumeGrpcService;
#[cfg(unix)]
use seaweed_volume::server::profiling::CpuProfileSession;
use seaweed_volume::server::request_id::GrpcRequestIdLayer;
use seaweed_volume::server::volume_server::{
    build_metrics_router, RuntimeMetricsConfig, VolumeServerState,
};
use seaweed_volume::server::write_queue::WriteQueue;
use seaweed_volume::storage::store::Store;
use seaweed_volume::storage::types::DiskType;

use tokio_rustls::TlsAcceptor;

#[cfg(unix)]
type CpuProfileParam = Option<CpuProfileSession>;
#[cfg(not(unix))]
type CpuProfileParam = Option<()>;

const GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE: usize = 1 << 30;
const GRPC_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(60);
const GRPC_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(20);
const GRPC_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE: u32 = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
const GRPC_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE: u32 = 8 * 1024 * 1024;
const GRPC_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS: u32 = 1000;

fn main() {
    // Before anything allocates: stop glibc from training its mmap threshold
    // upward on our large EC buffers and turning them into heap it never
    // returns. See seaweed_volume::malloc_tuning for the measurements.
    let malloc_tuning = seaweed_volume::malloc_tuning::pin_mmap_threshold();

    install_default_crypto_provider();

    // Initialize tracing
    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
        .with_env_filter(
            tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env()
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new("info")),
        )
        .init();

    let config = config::parse_cli();
    seaweed_volume::server::server_stats::init_process_start();
    #[cfg(unix)]
    let cpu_profile = match CpuProfileSession::start(&config) {
        Ok(session) => session,
        Err(e) => {
            error!("{}", e);
            std::process::exit(1);
        }
    };
    #[cfg(not(unix))]
    let cpu_profile: Option<()> = None;
    info!(
        "SeaweedFS Volume Server (Rust) v{}",
        seaweed_volume::version::full_version()
    );
    match malloc_tuning {
        seaweed_volume::malloc_tuning::MallocTuning::Pinned(bytes) => {
            info!("pinned glibc M_MMAP_THRESHOLD to {} bytes", bytes)
        }
        seaweed_volume::malloc_tuning::MallocTuning::DeferredToEnv => info!(
            "an allocator mmap-threshold override ({}) is set; leaving glibc's mmap threshold to the environment",
            seaweed_volume::malloc_tuning::MMAP_THRESHOLD_ENV
        ),
        seaweed_volume::malloc_tuning::MallocTuning::Failed => {
            warn!("mallopt(M_MMAP_THRESHOLD) failed; large freed buffers may stay resident")
        }
        seaweed_volume::malloc_tuning::MallocTuning::NotApplicable => {}
    }

    // Register Prometheus metrics
    metrics::register_metrics();

    // Build the tokio runtime and run the async entry point
    let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
        .enable_all()
        .build()
        .expect("Failed to build tokio runtime");

    if let Err(e) = rt.block_on(run(config, cpu_profile)) {
        error!("Volume server failed: {}", e);
        std::process::exit(1);
    }
}

fn build_outgoing_http_client(
    config: &VolumeServerConfig,
) -> Result<(reqwest::Client, String), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let scheme = if config.https_client_enabled {
        "https"
    } else {
        "http"
    };
    if !config.https_client_enabled {
        return Ok((reqwest::Client::new(), scheme.to_string()));
    }

    let mut builder = reqwest::Client::builder();
    if !config.https_client_ca_file.is_empty() {
        let ca_pem = std::fs::read(&config.https_client_ca_file).map_err(|e| {
            format!(
                "Failed to read HTTPS client CA file '{}': {}",
                config.https_client_ca_file, e
            )
        })?;
        let cert = reqwest::Certificate::from_pem(&ca_pem).map_err(|e| {
            format!(
                "Failed to parse HTTPS client CA PEM '{}': {}",
                config.https_client_ca_file, e
            )
        })?;
        builder = builder.add_root_certificate(cert);
    }

    match (
        config.https_client_cert_file.is_empty(),
        config.https_client_key_file.is_empty(),
    ) {
        (true, true) => {}
        (false, false) => {
            let cert_pem = std::fs::read(&config.https_client_cert_file).map_err(|e| {
                format!(
                    "Failed to read HTTPS client cert file '{}': {}",
                    config.https_client_cert_file, e
                )
            })?;
            let key_pem = std::fs::read(&config.https_client_key_file).map_err(|e| {
                format!(
                    "Failed to read HTTPS client key file '{}': {}",
                    config.https_client_key_file, e
                )
            })?;
            let mut identity_pem = cert_pem;
            if !identity_pem.ends_with(b"\n") {
                identity_pem.push(b'\n');
            }
            identity_pem.extend_from_slice(&key_pem);
            let identity = reqwest::Identity::from_pem(&identity_pem).map_err(|e| {
                format!(
                    "Failed to parse HTTPS client identity '{}'+ '{}': {}",
                    config.https_client_cert_file, config.https_client_key_file, e
                )
            })?;
            builder = builder.identity(identity);
        }
        _ => {
            return Err(format!(
                "HTTPS client requires both cert and key, got cert='{}' key='{}'",
                config.https_client_cert_file, config.https_client_key_file
            )
            .into());
        }
    }

    Ok((builder.build()?, scheme.to_string()))
}

fn tls_policy_is_configured(policy: &TlsPolicy) -> bool {
    !policy.min_version.is_empty()
        || !policy.max_version.is_empty()
        || !policy.cipher_suites.is_empty()
}

fn effective_http_tls_policy(ca_path: &str, configured_policy: &TlsPolicy) -> TlsPolicy {
    if ca_path.is_empty() {
        TlsPolicy::default()
    } else {
        configured_policy.clone()
    }
}

fn build_grpc_server_tls_acceptor(
    cert_path: &str,
    key_path: &str,
    ca_path: &str,
    tls_policy: &TlsPolicy,
    allowed_wildcard_domain: &str,
    allowed_common_names: &[String],
) -> Option<TlsAcceptor> {
    if cert_path.is_empty() || key_path.is_empty() || ca_path.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    let client_auth_policy = GrpcClientAuthPolicy {
        allowed_common_names: allowed_common_names.to_vec(),
        allowed_wildcard_domain: allowed_wildcard_domain.to_string(),
    };
    let mut server_config = match build_rustls_server_config_with_grpc_client_auth(
        cert_path,
        key_path,
        ca_path,
        tls_policy,
        &client_auth_policy,
    ) {
        Ok(server_config) => server_config,
        Err(e) => {
            warn!("Failed to build gRPC TLS config: {}", e);
            return None;
        }
    };
    server_config.alpn_protocols = vec![b"h2".to_vec()];
    Some(TlsAcceptor::from(Arc::new(server_config)))
}

fn build_http_server_tls_acceptor(
    config: &VolumeServerConfig,
) -> Result<Option<TlsAcceptor>, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    if config.https_cert_file.is_empty() || config.https_key_file.is_empty() {
        return Ok(None);
    }

    let effective_policy = effective_http_tls_policy(&config.https_ca_file, &config.tls_policy);
    let tls_config = match build_rustls_server_config(
        &config.https_cert_file,
        &config.https_key_file,
        &config.https_ca_file,
        &effective_policy,
    ) {
        Ok(tls_config) => tls_config,
        Err(e)
            if !config.https_ca_file.is_empty() && tls_policy_is_configured(&config.tls_policy) =>
        {
            warn!(
                "Failed to apply HTTP TLS policy '{}', falling back to default rustls policy",
                e
            );
            build_rustls_server_config(
                &config.https_cert_file,
                &config.https_key_file,
                &config.https_ca_file,
                &TlsPolicy::default(),
            )?
        }
        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
    };

    Ok(Some(TlsAcceptor::from(Arc::new(tls_config))))
}

fn build_grpc_server_builder() -> tonic::transport::Server {
    tonic::transport::Server::builder()
        .http2_keepalive_interval(Some(GRPC_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL))
        .http2_keepalive_timeout(Some(GRPC_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT))
        .max_concurrent_streams(Some(GRPC_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS))
        .initial_stream_window_size(Some(GRPC_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE))
        .initial_connection_window_size(Some(GRPC_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE))
        .http2_max_header_list_size(Some(GRPC_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE))
}

fn build_volume_grpc_service(
    grpc_service: VolumeGrpcService,
) -> VolumeServerServer<VolumeGrpcService> {
    VolumeServerServer::new(grpc_service)
        .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
        .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
}

fn apply_idle_timeout<S>(
    stream: S,
    idle_timeout: std::time::Duration,
) -> std::pin::Pin<Box<tokio_io_timeout::TimeoutStream<S>>>
where
    S: tokio::io::AsyncRead + tokio::io::AsyncWrite,
{
    let mut stream = tokio_io_timeout::TimeoutStream::new(stream);
    if !idle_timeout.is_zero() {
        stream.set_read_timeout(Some(idle_timeout));
        stream.set_write_timeout(Some(idle_timeout));
    }
    Box::pin(stream)
}

async fn run(
    config: VolumeServerConfig,
    #[allow(unused_variables)] cpu_profile: CpuProfileParam,
) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // Initialize the store
    let mut store = Store::new(config.index_type);
    store.id = config.id.clone();
    store.ip = config.ip.clone();
    store.port = config.port;
    store.grpc_port = config.grpc_port;
    store.public_url = config.public_url.clone();
    store.data_center = config.data_center.clone();
    store.rack = config.rack.clone();

    // Build shared state
    let guard = Guard::new(
        &config.white_list,
        SigningKey(config.jwt_signing_key.clone()),
        config.jwt_signing_expires_seconds,
        SigningKey(config.jwt_read_signing_key.clone()),
        config.jwt_read_signing_expires_seconds,
    );
    let master_url = config.masters.first().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
    // Defensive-copy the configured seed masters before freezing the lookup
    // set, so any later mutation of config.masters cannot desync them.
    let master_urls: Vec<String> = config.masters.clone();
    let seed_master_set = VolumeServerState::build_seed_master_set(&master_urls);
    let self_url = format!("{}:{}", config.ip, config.port);
    let (http_client, outgoing_http_scheme) = build_outgoing_http_client(&config)?;
    let outgoing_grpc_tls = load_outgoing_grpc_tls(&config)?;

    let security_file = config.security_file.clone();
    let cli_white_list = config.white_list.clone();

    let state = Arc::new(VolumeServerState {
        store: RwLock::new(store),
        guard: RwLock::new(guard),
        is_stopping: RwLock::new(false),
        maintenance: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false),
        state_version: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0),
        concurrent_upload_limit: config.concurrent_upload_limit,
        concurrent_download_limit: config.concurrent_download_limit,
        inflight_upload_data_timeout: config.inflight_upload_data_timeout,
        inflight_download_data_timeout: config.inflight_download_data_timeout,
        inflight_upload_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
        inflight_download_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
        upload_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
        download_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
        data_center: config.data_center.clone(),
        rack: config.rack.clone(),
        file_size_limit_bytes: config.file_size_limit_bytes,
        maintenance_byte_per_second: config.maintenance_byte_per_second,
        // Go sets isHeartbeating: true unconditionally at startup
        is_heartbeating: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(true),
        has_master: !config.masters.is_empty(),
        pre_stop_seconds: config.pre_stop_seconds,
        volume_state_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
        write_queue: std::sync::OnceLock::new(),
        s3_tier_registry: std::sync::RwLock::new(
            seaweed_volume::remote_storage::s3_tier::S3TierRegistry::new(),
        ),
        read_mode: config.read_mode,
        allow_untrusted_remote_endpoints: config.allow_untrusted_remote_endpoints,
        master_url,
        master_urls,
        seed_master_set,
        current_master_url: tokio::sync::RwLock::new(String::new()),
        self_url,
        http_client,
        outgoing_http_scheme,
        outgoing_grpc_tls,
        metrics_runtime: std::sync::RwLock::new(RuntimeMetricsConfig::default()),
        metrics_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
        fix_jpg_orientation: config.fix_jpg_orientation,
        has_slow_read: config.has_slow_read,
        read_buffer_size_bytes: (config.read_buffer_size_mb.max(1) as usize) * 1024 * 1024,
        security_file,
        cli_white_list,
        state_file_path: if config.folders.is_empty() {
            String::new()
        } else {
            std::path::Path::new(&config.folders[0])
                .join("state.pb")
                .to_string_lossy()
                .into_owned()
        },
    });

    // Load persisted state from disk if it exists (matches Go's State.Load on startup)
    if let Some(saved) =
        seaweed_volume::server::grpc_server::load_state_file(&state.state_file_path)
    {
        state
            .maintenance
            .store(saved.maintenance, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
        state
            .state_version
            .store(saved.version, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    if !config.masters.is_empty() {
        let hb_config = seaweed_volume::server::heartbeat::HeartbeatConfig {
            ip: config.ip.clone(),
            port: config.port,
            grpc_port: config.grpc_port,
            public_url: config.public_url.clone(),
            data_center: config.data_center.clone(),
            rack: config.rack.clone(),
            master_addresses: config.masters.clone(),
            pulse_seconds: 5,
        };
        seaweed_volume::server::heartbeat::prime_master_configuration(&hb_config, &state).await;
    }

    {
        let mut store = state.store.write().unwrap();
        for (i, dir) in config.folders.iter().enumerate() {
            let idx_dir = if config.idx_folder.is_empty() {
                dir.as_str()
            } else {
                config.idx_folder.as_str()
            };
            let max_volumes = config.folder_max_limits[i];
            let disk_type = DiskType::from_string(&config.disk_types[i]);
            let tags = config.folder_tags.get(i).cloned().unwrap_or_default();

            info!(
                "Adding storage location: {} (max_volumes={}, disk_type={:?})",
                dir, max_volumes, disk_type
            );
            let min_free_space = config.min_free_spaces[i].clone();
            store
                .add_location(dir, idx_dir, max_volumes, disk_type, min_free_space, tags)
                .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to add storage location {}: {}", dir, e))?;
        }
    }

    // Initialize the batched write queue if enabled
    if config.enable_write_queue {
        info!("Batched write queue enabled");
        let wq = WriteQueue::new(state.clone(), 128);
        let _ = state.write_queue.set(wq);
    }

    // Set initial metric gauges for concurrent limits and max volumes
    metrics::CONCURRENT_UPLOAD_LIMIT.set(state.concurrent_upload_limit);
    metrics::CONCURRENT_DOWNLOAD_LIMIT.set(state.concurrent_download_limit);
    {
        let store = state.store.read().unwrap();
        let mut max_vols: i64 = 0;
        for loc in &store.locations {
            max_vols += loc
                .max_volume_count
                .load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) as i64;
        }
        metrics::MAX_VOLUMES.set(max_vols);
    }

    // Run initial disk space check
    {
        let store = state.store.read().unwrap();
        for loc in &store.locations {
            loc.check_disk_space();
        }
    }

    // Spawn background disk space monitor (checks every 60 seconds)
    {
        let monitor_state = state.clone();
        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(std::time::Duration::from_secs(60));
            interval.tick().await; // skip the first immediate tick
            loop {
                interval.tick().await;
                let store = monitor_state.store.read().unwrap();
                for loc in &store.locations {
                    loc.check_disk_space();
                }
            }
        });
    }

    // Build HTTP routers
    #[allow(unused_mut)]
    let mut admin_router = seaweed_volume::server::volume_server::build_admin_router_with_ui(
        state.clone(),
        config.ui_enabled,
    );
    #[cfg(unix)]
    if config.pprof {
        admin_router = admin_router.merge(build_debug_router());
    }
    let admin_addr = format!("{}:{}", config.bind_ip, config.port);

    let public_port = config.public_port;
    let needs_public = public_port != config.port;
    let http_idle_timeout = std::time::Duration::from_secs(config.idle_timeout as u64);

    let grpc_addr = format!("{}:{}", config.bind_ip, config.grpc_port);
    let grpc_tls_acceptor = build_grpc_server_tls_acceptor(
        &config.grpc_cert_file,
        &config.grpc_key_file,
        &config.grpc_ca_file,
        &config.tls_policy,
        &config.grpc_allowed_wildcard_domain,
        &config.grpc_volume_allowed_common_names,
    );

    info!("Starting HTTP server on {}", admin_addr);
    info!("Starting gRPC server on {}", grpc_addr);
    if needs_public {
        info!(
            "Starting public HTTP server on {}:{}",
            config.bind_ip, public_port
        );
    }

    // Set up graceful shutdown via SIGINT/SIGTERM using broadcast channel
    let (shutdown_tx, _) = tokio::sync::broadcast::channel::<()>(1);

    let state_shutdown = state.clone();
    let shutdown_tx_clone = shutdown_tx.clone();
    tokio::spawn(async move {
        let ctrl_c = tokio::signal::ctrl_c();
        #[cfg(unix)]
        {
            let mut sigterm =
                tokio::signal::unix::signal(tokio::signal::unix::SignalKind::terminate())
                    .expect("Failed to install SIGTERM handler");
            tokio::select! {
                _ = ctrl_c => { info!("Received SIGINT, shutting down..."); }
                _ = sigterm.recv() => { info!("Received SIGTERM, shutting down..."); }
            }
        }
        #[cfg(not(unix))]
        {
            ctrl_c.await.ok();
            info!("Received shutdown signal...");
        }
        *state_shutdown.is_stopping.write().unwrap() = true;
        // Wake heartbeat loop immediately so it sends deregister heartbeat
        // before the pre_stop delay (matches Go: StopHeartbeat() closes stopChan
        // before sleeping preStopSeconds)
        state_shutdown.volume_state_notify.notify_one();

        // Graceful drain: wait pre_stop_seconds before shutting down servers
        let pre_stop = state_shutdown.pre_stop_seconds;
        if pre_stop > 0 {
            info!("Pre-stop: waiting {} seconds before shutdown...", pre_stop);
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(pre_stop as u64)).await;
        }

        let _ = shutdown_tx_clone.send(());
    });

    // Set up SIGHUP handler for config reload (mirrors Go's grace.OnReload)
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        let state_reload = state.clone();
        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let mut sighup = tokio::signal::unix::signal(tokio::signal::unix::SignalKind::hangup())
                .expect("Failed to install SIGHUP handler");
            loop {
                sighup.recv().await;
                info!("Received SIGHUP, reloading...");

                // 1. Load new volumes from disk (Go's LoadNewVolumes)
                {
                    info!("Loading new volume ids...");
                    let mut store = state_reload.store.write().unwrap();
                    store.load_new_volumes();
                }

                // 2. Reload security config (Go's Reload)
                {
                    info!("Reloading security config...");
                    let sec = config::parse_security_config(&state_reload.security_file);
                    let mut whitelist = state_reload.cli_white_list.clone();
                    whitelist.extend(sec.guard_white_list.iter().cloned());
                    let mut guard = state_reload.guard.write().unwrap();
                    guard.update_whitelist(&whitelist);
                    guard.update_signing_keys(
                        SigningKey(sec.jwt_signing_key),
                        sec.jwt_signing_expires,
                        SigningKey(sec.jwt_read_signing_key),
                        sec.jwt_read_signing_expires,
                    );
                }

                // Trigger heartbeat to report new volumes
                state_reload.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
                info!("SIGHUP reload complete");
            }
        });
    }

    // Build optional TLS acceptor for HTTPS
    let https_tls_acceptor =
        if !config.https_cert_file.is_empty() && !config.https_key_file.is_empty() {
            info!(
                "TLS enabled for HTTP server (cert={}, key={})",
                config.https_cert_file, config.https_key_file
            );
            build_http_server_tls_acceptor(&config)?
        } else {
            None
        };

    // Spawn all servers concurrently
    let admin_listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(&admin_addr)
        .await
        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to bind HTTP to {}: {}", admin_addr, e));
    let scheme = if https_tls_acceptor.is_some() {
        "HTTPS"
    } else {
        "HTTP"
    };
    info!("{} server listening on {}", scheme, admin_addr);

    let http_handle = if let Some(tls_acceptor) = https_tls_acceptor.clone() {
        let mut shutdown_rx = shutdown_tx.subscribe();
        tokio::spawn(async move {
            serve_https(
                admin_listener,
                admin_router,
                tls_acceptor,
                http_idle_timeout,
                async move {
                    let _ = shutdown_rx.recv().await;
                },
            )
            .await;
        })
    } else {
        let mut shutdown_rx = shutdown_tx.subscribe();
        tokio::spawn(async move {
            serve_http(
                admin_listener,
                admin_router,
                http_idle_timeout,
                async move {
                    let _ = shutdown_rx.recv().await;
                },
            )
            .await;
        })
    };

    // Bind the gRPC listener before spawning to propagate bind errors at startup.
    let grpc_listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(&grpc_addr)
        .await
        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to bind gRPC to {}: {}", grpc_addr, e));
    let grpc_local_addr = grpc_listener
        .local_addr()
        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to get gRPC local addr: {}", e));

    let grpc_handle = {
        let grpc_state = state.clone();
        let grpc_tls_acceptor = grpc_tls_acceptor.clone();
        let mut shutdown_rx = shutdown_tx.subscribe();
        let shutdown_tx_grpc = shutdown_tx.clone();
        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let grpc_service = VolumeGrpcService {
                state: grpc_state.clone(),
            };
            let reflection_v1 = tonic_reflection::server::Builder::configure()
                .register_encoded_file_descriptor_set(seaweed_volume::pb::FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET)
                .build_v1()
                .expect("Failed to build gRPC reflection v1 service");
            let reflection_v1alpha = tonic_reflection::server::Builder::configure()
                .register_encoded_file_descriptor_set(seaweed_volume::pb::FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET)
                .build_v1alpha()
                .expect("Failed to build gRPC reflection v1alpha service");
            let result = if let Some(tls_acceptor) = grpc_tls_acceptor {
                let incoming = grpc_tls_incoming(grpc_listener, tls_acceptor);
                info!("gRPC server listening on {} (TLS enabled)", grpc_local_addr);
                build_grpc_server_builder()
                    .layer(GrpcRequestIdLayer)
                    .add_service(reflection_v1)
                    .add_service(reflection_v1alpha)
                    .add_service(build_volume_grpc_service(grpc_service))
                    .serve_with_incoming_shutdown(incoming, async move {
                        let _ = shutdown_rx.recv().await;
                    })
                    .await
            } else {
                let incoming =
                    tokio_stream::wrappers::TcpListenerStream::new(grpc_listener);
                info!("gRPC server listening on {}", grpc_local_addr);
                build_grpc_server_builder()
                    .layer(GrpcRequestIdLayer)
                    .add_service(reflection_v1)
                    .add_service(reflection_v1alpha)
                    .add_service(build_volume_grpc_service(grpc_service))
                    .serve_with_incoming_shutdown(incoming, async move {
                        let _ = shutdown_rx.recv().await;
                    })
                    .await
            };
            if let Err(ref e) = result {
                error!("gRPC server error: {}", e);
                let _ = shutdown_tx_grpc.send(());
            }
            result
        })
    };

    // Spawn heartbeat to master (if master addresses are configured)
    let heartbeat_handle = {
        let master_addrs = config.masters.clone();
        if !master_addrs.is_empty() {
            let hb_config = seaweed_volume::server::heartbeat::HeartbeatConfig {
                ip: config.ip.clone(),
                port: config.port,
                grpc_port: config.grpc_port,
                public_url: config.public_url.clone(),
                data_center: config.data_center.clone(),
                rack: config.rack.clone(),
                master_addresses: master_addrs.clone(),
                pulse_seconds: 5,
            };
            let hb_shutdown = shutdown_tx.subscribe();
            let hb_state = state.clone();
            info!("Will send heartbeats to master: {:?}", master_addrs);
            Some(tokio::spawn(async move {
                seaweed_volume::server::heartbeat::run_heartbeat_with_state(
                    hb_config,
                    hb_state,
                    hb_shutdown,
                )
                .await;
            }))
        } else {
            None
        }
    };

    let public_handle = if needs_public {
        let public_router =
            seaweed_volume::server::volume_server::build_public_router(state.clone());
        let public_addr = format!("{}:{}", config.bind_ip, public_port);
        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(&public_addr)
            .await
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to bind public HTTP to {}: {}", public_addr, e));
        info!("Public HTTP server listening on {}", public_addr);
        let mut shutdown_rx = shutdown_tx.subscribe();
        Some(tokio::spawn(async move {
            serve_http(listener, public_router, http_idle_timeout, async move {
                let _ = shutdown_rx.recv().await;
            })
            .await;
        }))
    } else {
        None
    };

    let metrics_handle = if config.metrics_port > 0 {
        let metrics_router = build_metrics_router();
        let metrics_addr = format!("{}:{}", config.metrics_ip, config.metrics_port);
        info!("Metrics server listening on {}", metrics_addr);
        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(&metrics_addr)
            .await
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to bind metrics HTTP to {}: {}", metrics_addr, e));
        let mut shutdown_rx = shutdown_tx.subscribe();
        Some(tokio::spawn(async move {
            if let Err(e) = axum::serve(listener, metrics_router)
                .with_graceful_shutdown(async move {
                    let _ = shutdown_rx.recv().await;
                })
                .await
            {
                error!("Metrics HTTP server error: {}", e);
            }
        }))
    } else {
        None
    };

    #[cfg(unix)]
    let debug_handle = if config.debug {
        let debug_addr = format!("0.0.0.0:{}", config.debug_port);
        info!("Debug pprof server listening on {}", debug_addr);
        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(&debug_addr)
            .await
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Failed to bind debug HTTP to {}: {}", debug_addr, e));
        let debug_router = build_debug_router();
        let mut shutdown_rx = shutdown_tx.subscribe();
        Some(tokio::spawn(async move {
            if let Err(e) = axum::serve(listener, debug_router)
                .with_graceful_shutdown(async move {
                    let _ = shutdown_rx.recv().await;
                })
                .await
            {
                error!("Debug HTTP server error: {}", e);
            }
        }))
    } else {
        None
    };
    #[cfg(not(unix))]
    let debug_handle: Option<tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>> = None;

    let metrics_push_handle = {
        let push_state = state.clone();
        let push_instance = format!("{}:{}", config.ip, config.port);
        let push_shutdown = shutdown_tx.subscribe();
        Some(tokio::spawn(async move {
            run_metrics_push_loop(push_state, push_instance, push_shutdown).await;
        }))
    };

    // Wait for servers. Use select! with &mut so the losing handle is not
    // dropped, then await it explicitly afterward.
    let mut server_err: Option<String> = None;
    let mut http_handle = http_handle;
    let mut grpc_handle = grpc_handle;
    let grpc_finished_first = tokio::select! {
        _ = &mut http_handle => false,
        _ = &mut grpc_handle => true,
    };
    // Inspect the gRPC result (already resolved if it finished first,
    // otherwise await it now).
    let grpc_result = if grpc_finished_first {
        grpc_handle.await
    } else {
        // HTTP finished first; gRPC is still running. Await it.
        grpc_handle.await
    };
    match grpc_result {
        Ok(Ok(())) => {}
        Ok(Err(e)) => {
            let msg = format!("gRPC server exited with error: {}", e);
            error!("{}", msg);
            server_err = Some(msg);
            // serve error already sent shutdown inside the task
        }
        Err(e) => {
            let msg = format!("gRPC task panicked: {}", e);
            error!("{}", msg);
            server_err = Some(msg);
            let _ = shutdown_tx.send(());
        }
    }
    // Ensure the HTTP handle completes too.
    let _ = http_handle.await;
    if let Some(h) = public_handle {
        let _ = h.await;
    }
    if let Some(h) = metrics_handle {
        let _ = h.await;
    }
    if let Some(h) = debug_handle {
        let _ = h.await;
    }
    if let Some(h) = heartbeat_handle {
        let _ = h.await;
    }
    if let Some(h) = metrics_push_handle {
        let _ = h.await;
    }

    // Close all volumes (flush and release file handles) matching Go's Shutdown()
    state.store.write().unwrap().close();

    #[cfg(unix)]
    if let Some(cpu_profile) = cpu_profile {
        cpu_profile.finish().map_err(std::io::Error::other)?;
    }

    if let Some(err_msg) = server_err {
        return Err(std::io::Error::other(err_msg).into());
    }

    info!("Volume server stopped.");
    Ok(())
}

async fn run_metrics_push_loop(
    state: Arc<VolumeServerState>,
    instance: String,
    mut shutdown_rx: tokio::sync::broadcast::Receiver<()>,
) {
    loop {
        let push_cfg = { state.metrics_runtime.read().unwrap().push_gateway.clone() };

        if push_cfg.address.is_empty() || push_cfg.interval_seconds == 0 {
            tokio::select! {
                _ = state.metrics_notify.notified() => continue,
                _ = shutdown_rx.recv() => return,
            }
        }

        if let Err(e) = metrics::push_metrics_once(
            &state.http_client,
            &push_cfg.address,
            "volumeServer",
            &instance,
        )
        .await
        {
            info!("could not push metrics to {}: {}", push_cfg.address, e);
        }

        let interval = std::time::Duration::from_secs(push_cfg.interval_seconds.max(1) as u64);
        tokio::select! {
            _ = tokio::time::sleep(interval) => {}
            _ = state.metrics_notify.notified() => {}
            _ = shutdown_rx.recv() => return,
        }
    }
}

fn grpc_tls_incoming(
    listener: tokio::net::TcpListener,
    tls_acceptor: TlsAcceptor,
) -> impl tokio_stream::Stream<
    Item = Result<tokio_rustls::server::TlsStream<tokio::net::TcpStream>, std::io::Error>,
> {
    async_stream::stream! {
        loop {
            match listener.accept().await {
                Ok((tcp_stream, remote_addr)) => match tls_acceptor.accept(tcp_stream).await {
                    Ok(tls_stream) => yield Ok(tls_stream),
                    Err(e) => {
                        tracing::debug!("gRPC TLS handshake failed from {}: {}", remote_addr, e);
                    }
                },
                Err(e) => {
                    yield Err(e);
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Serve an axum Router over TLS using tokio-rustls.
/// Accepts TCP connections, performs TLS handshake, then serves HTTP over the encrypted stream.
async fn serve_http<F>(
    tcp_listener: tokio::net::TcpListener,
    app: axum::Router,
    idle_timeout: std::time::Duration,
    shutdown_signal: F,
) where
    F: std::future::Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
{
    use hyper_util::rt::{TokioExecutor, TokioIo};
    use hyper_util::server::conn::auto::Builder as HttpBuilder;
    use hyper_util::service::TowerToHyperService;
    use tower::Service;

    let mut make_svc = app.into_make_service_with_connect_info::<std::net::SocketAddr>();

    tokio::pin!(shutdown_signal);

    loop {
        tokio::select! {
            _ = &mut shutdown_signal => {
                info!("HTTP server shutting down");
                break;
            }
            result = tcp_listener.accept() => {
                match result {
                    Ok((tcp_stream, remote_addr)) => {
                        let tower_svc = make_svc.call(remote_addr).await.expect("infallible");
                        let hyper_svc = TowerToHyperService::new(tower_svc);
                        tokio::spawn(async move {
                            let io = TokioIo::new(apply_idle_timeout(tcp_stream, idle_timeout));
                            let builder = HttpBuilder::new(TokioExecutor::new());
                            if let Err(e) = builder.serve_connection(io, hyper_svc).await {
                                tracing::debug!("HTTP connection error: {}", e);
                            }
                        });
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        error!("Failed to accept TCP connection: {}", e);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

async fn serve_https<F>(
    tcp_listener: tokio::net::TcpListener,
    app: axum::Router,
    tls_acceptor: TlsAcceptor,
    idle_timeout: std::time::Duration,
    shutdown_signal: F,
) where
    F: std::future::Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
{
    use hyper_util::rt::{TokioExecutor, TokioIo};
    use hyper_util::server::conn::auto::Builder as HttpBuilder;
    use hyper_util::service::TowerToHyperService;
    use tower::Service;

    let mut make_svc = app.into_make_service_with_connect_info::<std::net::SocketAddr>();

    tokio::pin!(shutdown_signal);

    loop {
        tokio::select! {
            _ = &mut shutdown_signal => {
                info!("HTTPS server shutting down");
                break;
            }
            result = tcp_listener.accept() => {
                match result {
                    Ok((tcp_stream, remote_addr)) => {
                        let tls_acceptor = tls_acceptor.clone();
                        let tower_svc = make_svc.call(remote_addr).await.expect("infallible");
                        let hyper_svc = TowerToHyperService::new(tower_svc);
                        tokio::spawn(async move {
                            match tls_acceptor.accept(tcp_stream).await {
                                Ok(tls_stream) => {
                                    let io = TokioIo::new(apply_idle_timeout(tls_stream, idle_timeout));
                                    let builder = HttpBuilder::new(TokioExecutor::new());
                                    if let Err(e) = builder.serve_connection(io, hyper_svc).await {
                                        tracing::debug!("HTTPS connection error: {}", e);
                                    }
                                }
                                Err(e) => {
                                    tracing::debug!("TLS handshake failed: {}", e);
                                }
                            }
                        });
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        error!("Failed to accept TCP connection: {}", e);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::{
        build_grpc_server_tls_acceptor, effective_http_tls_policy, tls_policy_is_configured,
    };
    use seaweed_volume::security::tls::TlsPolicy;

    fn write_pem(dir: &tempfile::TempDir, name: &str, body: &str) -> String {
        let path = dir.path().join(name);
        std::fs::write(&path, body).unwrap();
        path.to_string_lossy().into_owned()
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_grpc_server_tls_requires_ca() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let cert = write_pem(
            &dir,
            "server.crt",
            "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nZmFrZQ==\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n",
        );
        let key = write_pem(
            &dir,
            "server.key",
            "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nZmFrZQ==\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----\n",
        );

        assert!(
            build_grpc_server_tls_acceptor(&cert, &key, "", &TlsPolicy::default(), "", &[])
                .is_none()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_grpc_server_tls_returns_none_when_files_are_missing() {
        assert!(build_grpc_server_tls_acceptor(
            "/missing/server.crt",
            "/missing/server.key",
            "/missing/ca.crt",
            &TlsPolicy::default(),
            "",
            &[],
        )
        .is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_grpc_server_tls_disables_on_unsupported_tls_policy() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let cert = write_pem(
            &dir,
            "server.crt",
            "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nZmFrZQ==\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n",
        );
        let key = write_pem(
            &dir,
            "server.key",
            "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nZmFrZQ==\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----\n",
        );
        let ca = write_pem(
            &dir,
            "ca.crt",
            "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nZmFrZQ==\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n",
        );

        assert!(build_grpc_server_tls_acceptor(
            &cert,
            &key,
            &ca,
            &TlsPolicy {
                min_version: "TLS 1.0".to_string(),
                max_version: "TLS 1.1".to_string(),
                cipher_suites: String::new(),
            },
            "",
            &[],
        )
        .is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_effective_http_tls_policy_ignores_tls_policy_without_ca() {
        let configured = TlsPolicy {
            min_version: "TLS 1.3".to_string(),
            max_version: "TLS 1.3".to_string(),
            cipher_suites: "TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256".to_string(),
        };
        assert_eq!(
            effective_http_tls_policy("", &configured),
            TlsPolicy::default()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            effective_http_tls_policy("/etc/seaweedfs/http-ca.pem", &configured),
            configured
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_tls_policy_is_configured_detects_non_empty_fields() {
        assert!(!tls_policy_is_configured(&TlsPolicy::default()));
        assert!(tls_policy_is_configured(&TlsPolicy {
            min_version: "TLS 1.2".to_string(),
            max_version: String::new(),
            cipher_suites: String::new(),
        }));
    }
}