seaweedfs/seaweed-volume/src/server/grpc_server.rs

//! gRPC service implementation for the volume server.
//!
//! Implements the VolumeServer trait generated from volume_server.proto.
//! 48 RPCs: core volume operations are fully implemented, streaming and
//! EC operations are stubbed with appropriate error messages.

use std::pin::Pin;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
use std::sync::Arc;

use tokio_stream::Stream;
use tonic::{Request, Response, Status, Streaming};

use crate::pb::filer_pb;
use crate::pb::master_pb;
use crate::pb::master_pb::seaweed_client::SeaweedClient;
use crate::pb::volume_server_pb;
use crate::pb::volume_server_pb::volume_server_server::VolumeServer;
use crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_shard::DATA_SHARDS_COUNT;
use crate::storage::needle::needle::{self, Needle};
use crate::storage::types::*;
use crate::storage::volume::VolumeSpec;

use super::grpc_client::{build_grpc_endpoint, GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE};
use super::volume_server::VolumeServerState;

type BoxStream<T> = Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = Result<T, Status>> + Send + 'static>>;

fn volume_is_remote_only(dat_path: &str, has_remote_file: bool) -> bool {
    has_remote_file && !std::path::Path::new(dat_path).exists()
}

/// Map a numeric `VolumeScrubMode` to its proto enum name, matching Go's
/// `req.GetMode().String()` used for the Prometheus `mode` label.
fn scrub_mode_label(mode: i32) -> &'static str {
    match mode {
        0 => "UNKNOWN",
        1 => "INDEX",
        2 => "FULL",
        3 => "LOCAL",
        4 => "CHECKSUM",
        5 => "READS",
        _ => "UNKNOWN",
    }
}

fn unix_now_seconds() -> f64 {
    std::time::SystemTime::now()
        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
        .map(|d| d.as_secs() as f64)
        .unwrap_or(0.0)
}

/// Record scrub metrics. `broken_shards` is `Some` only for EC scrubs so the
/// shard-failures family stays untouched on regular volume scrubs (matching Go).
/// How a scrub reacts to a volume that is not in the store when its turn comes.
///
/// Nothing is held across the scan, so the volume set is free to change under a
/// node-wide scrub: the heartbeat drops a volume that reported an I/O error and
/// expires an EC volume whose destroy time passed, and a delete or an unmount
/// can land between any two volumes. Failing there would discard every result
/// gathered so far and leave every later volume unscrubbed.
///
/// `Some(status)` means fail the request; `None` means skip this volume and
/// keep going. A volume the caller NAMED is always the former — that one is a
/// caller mistake, not a concurrent change, and callers match on the message.
fn scrub_vanished_volume(explicit: bool, kind: &str, vid: VolumeId) -> Option<Status> {
    if explicit {
        return Some(Status::not_found(format!(
            "{} id {} not found",
            kind, vid.0
        )));
    }
    tracing::info!(
        volume_id = vid.0,
        "scrub: {} {} is no longer mounted, skipping",
        kind,
        vid.0
    );
    None
}

/// How a scrub reacts to a `spawn_blocking` scan that failed to join.
///
/// The scan runs on the blocking pool, so a panic in it reaches the loop as a
/// `JoinError` instead of unwinding here. Propagating it would discard every
/// volume already scanned AND skip `emit_scrub_metrics`: a panic scrubbing one
/// volume would hide real corruption found on the others and leave the
/// staleness alert firing with nothing recorded to explain it. Record it
/// against this volume and let the loop finish, the same way `scrub_volumes`
/// treats a per-volume scrub error.
///
/// A panic is evidence about the volume, so it counts as broken. A join error
/// from runtime shutdown is not -- the volume was never scanned, and counting
/// it would put a false corruption into SCRUB_VOLUME_FAILURES.
fn record_scrub_join_failure(
    e: &tokio::task::JoinError,
    vid: VolumeId,
    what: &str,
    broken_volume_ids: &mut Vec<u32>,
    details: &mut Vec<String>,
) {
    if e.is_panic() {
        tracing::error!(
            volume_id = vid.0,
            "scrub: {} task for EC volume {} panicked: {}",
            what,
            vid.0,
            e
        );
        broken_volume_ids.push(vid.0);
        details.push(format!("ecvol {}: {} task panicked: {}", vid.0, what, e));
    } else {
        tracing::info!(
            volume_id = vid.0,
            "scrub: {} task for EC volume {} was cancelled, skipping",
            what,
            vid.0
        );
        details.push(format!("ecvol {}: {} task cancelled; skipped", vid.0, what));
    }
}

fn emit_scrub_metrics(mode: i32, broken_volumes: usize, broken_shards: Option<usize>) {
    let mode_label = scrub_mode_label(mode);
    crate::metrics::SCRUB_LAST_TIME_SECONDS
        .with_label_values(&[mode_label])
        .set(unix_now_seconds());
    crate::metrics::SCRUB_VOLUME_FAILURES
        .with_label_values(&[mode_label])
        .inc_by(broken_volumes as u64);
    if let Some(n) = broken_shards {
        crate::metrics::SCRUB_SHARD_FAILURES
            .with_label_values(&[mode_label])
            .inc_by(n as u64);
    }
}

/// Persist VolumeServerState to a state.pb file (matches Go's State.save).
fn save_state_file(
    path: &str,
    state: &volume_server_pb::VolumeServerState,
) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
    if path.is_empty() {
        return Ok(());
    }
    use prost::Message;
    let buf = state.encode_to_vec();
    std::fs::write(path, buf)
}

/// Load VolumeServerState from a state.pb file (matches Go's State.Load).
pub fn load_state_file(path: &str) -> Option<volume_server_pb::VolumeServerState> {
    if path.is_empty() || !std::path::Path::new(path).exists() {
        return None;
    }
    let data = std::fs::read(path).ok()?;
    use prost::Message;
    volume_server_pb::VolumeServerState::decode(data.as_slice()).ok()
}

/// One disk location's stake in an EC volume, as seen by the rebuild handler.
struct LocInfo {
    dir: String,
    idx_dir: String,
    shard_count: usize,
    has_ecx: bool,
}

/// Picks the location a rebuild should write into — the one holding an `.ecx`
/// and the most shards — and returns every other directory it may have to read
/// from. Shards are only half of what the rebuild needs: a split
/// `-dir`/`-dir.idx` layout keeps `.ecx`/`.ecj`/`.vif` with the INDEX, and on a
/// multi-disk server the chosen disk may hold nothing but shards while this
/// volume's `.vif` or generation-0 `.ecsum` sits on a sibling. Miss those and
/// the layout resolution falls back to 10+4 with the legacy striping and
/// reconstructs through the wrong matrix, so both directories of every other
/// location are listed. The rebuild's own two are passed separately by the
/// caller and dropped here, along with empties and duplicates.
///
/// Returns `None` when no location holds an `.ecx`, i.e. there is nothing to
/// rebuild from.
fn select_rebuild_location(loc_infos: &[LocInfo]) -> Option<(usize, Vec<String>)> {
    let mut rebuild_loc_idx: Option<usize> = None;
    let mut other_dirs: Vec<String> = Vec::new();

    for (i, info) in loc_infos.iter().enumerate() {
        let better = info.has_ecx
            && rebuild_loc_idx.is_none_or(|prev| info.shard_count > loc_infos[prev].shard_count);
        if better {
            if let Some(prev) = rebuild_loc_idx {
                other_dirs.push(loc_infos[prev].dir.clone());
                other_dirs.push(loc_infos[prev].idx_dir.clone());
            }
            rebuild_loc_idx = Some(i);
        } else {
            other_dirs.push(info.dir.clone());
            other_dirs.push(info.idx_dir.clone());
        }
    }

    let rebuild_loc_idx = rebuild_loc_idx?;
    let rebuild_dir = &loc_infos[rebuild_loc_idx].dir;
    let rebuild_idx_dir = &loc_infos[rebuild_loc_idx].idx_dir;
    other_dirs.retain(|d| !d.is_empty() && d != rebuild_dir && d != rebuild_idx_dir);
    other_dirs.sort();
    other_dirs.dedup();

    Some((rebuild_loc_idx, other_dirs))
}

struct WriteThrottler {
    bytes_per_second: i64,
    last_size_counter: i64,
    last_size_check_time: std::time::Instant,
}

impl WriteThrottler {
    fn new(bytes_per_second: i64) -> Self {
        Self {
            bytes_per_second,
            last_size_counter: 0,
            last_size_check_time: std::time::Instant::now(),
        }
    }

    async fn maybe_slowdown(&mut self, delta: i64) {
        if self.bytes_per_second <= 0 {
            return;
        }

        self.last_size_counter += delta;
        let elapsed = self.last_size_check_time.elapsed();
        if elapsed <= std::time::Duration::from_millis(100) {
            return;
        }

        let over_limit_bytes = self.last_size_counter - self.bytes_per_second / 10;
        if over_limit_bytes > 0 {
            let over_ratio = over_limit_bytes as f64 / self.bytes_per_second as f64;
            let sleep_time = std::time::Duration::from_millis((over_ratio * 1000.0) as u64);
            if !sleep_time.is_zero() {
                tokio::time::sleep(sleep_time).await;
            }
        }

        self.last_size_counter = 0;
        self.last_size_check_time = std::time::Instant::now();
    }
}

struct MasterVolumeInfo {
    volume_id: VolumeId,
    collection: String,
    replica_placement: u8,
    ttl: u32,
    disk_type: String,
    ip: String,
    port: u16,
}

pub struct VolumeGrpcService {
    pub state: Arc<VolumeServerState>,
}

impl VolumeGrpcService {
    /// Verifies the gRPC caller is allowed to invoke a destructive admin
    /// operation. Mirrors the Go side's checkGrpcAdminAuth: an empty
    /// whitelist accepts everyone (insecure-by-default for tests and
    /// upgrades), a populated whitelist accepts only matching peer IPs.
    ///
    /// `remote_addr()` on a real gRPC connection always yields the peer's
    /// SocketAddr; if it is somehow None we deny, matching "if we don't
    /// know who the caller is, refuse."
    fn check_grpc_admin_auth<T>(&self, request: &Request<T>) -> Result<(), Status> {
        // Mirror Go's `if vs.guard == nil { return nil }`: with no whitelist and
        // no signing key, write security is inactive and every caller is allowed.
        // Real gRPC connections always carry peer info, so requiring it below only
        // affects in-process callers (tests, upgrades) once a control is enabled.
        if !self.state.guard.read().unwrap().is_write_active() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let remote = match request.remote_addr() {
            Some(addr) => addr,
            None => {
                tracing::warn!("gRPC admin auth failed: no peer info");
                return Err(Status::permission_denied("no peer info"));
            }
        };
        let host = remote.ip().to_string();
        let guard = self.state.guard.read().unwrap();
        if !guard.check_whitelist(&host) {
            tracing::warn!(
                "gRPC admin auth failed: {} is not whitelisted (remote: {})",
                host,
                remote,
            );
            return Err(Status::permission_denied(format!("not authorized: {host}")));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn notify_master_volume_readonly(
        &self,
        info: &MasterVolumeInfo,
        is_readonly: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), Status> {
        // VolumeMarkReadonly mutates raft-replicated master topology, so it must
        // reach the leader. Prefer the live leader the heartbeat is talking to
        // (current_master_url), falling back to the static seed before the first
        // heartbeat — mirrors store_ec.rs and Go's vs.GetMaster(). Sending it to
        // the static seed fails "not current leader" after any master failover.
        let master_url = {
            let live = self.state.current_master_url.read().await.clone();
            if !live.is_empty() {
                live
            } else {
                self.state.master_url.clone()
            }
        };
        if master_url.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let grpc_addr = parse_grpc_address(&master_url).map_err(|e| {
            Status::internal(format!("invalid master address {}: {}", master_url, e))
        })?;
        let endpoint = build_grpc_endpoint(&grpc_addr, self.state.outgoing_grpc_tls.as_ref())
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("master address {}: {}", master_url, e)))?
            .connect_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5))
            .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(30));
        let channel = endpoint
            .connect()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("connect to master {}: {}", master_url, e)))?;
        let mut client = SeaweedClient::with_interceptor(
            channel,
            super::request_id::outgoing_request_id_interceptor,
        )
        .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
        .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE);
        client
            .volume_mark_readonly(master_pb::VolumeMarkReadonlyRequest {
                ip: info.ip.clone(),
                port: info.port as u32,
                volume_id: info.volume_id.0,
                collection: info.collection.clone(),
                replica_placement: info.replica_placement as u32,
                ttl: info.ttl,
                disk_type: info.disk_type.clone(),
                is_readonly,
                ..Default::default()
            })
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!(
                    "set volume {} readonly={} on master {}: {}",
                    info.volume_id, is_readonly, master_url, e
                ))
            })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Shared helper matching Go's `makeVolumeReadonly(ctx, v, canDelete, persist)`.
    /// Not gated on maintenance mode: marking a volume readonly only restricts a
    /// server that is already meant to be read-only, and it is the first step of
    /// moving a volume off a server under evacuation (issue #11066).
    /// 1. Notify master (readonly=true)
    /// 2. Mark local volume readonly
    /// 3. Notify master again (cover heartbeat race)
    async fn make_volume_readonly(
        &self,
        vid: VolumeId,
        can_delete: bool,
        persist: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), Status> {
        let info = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (loc_idx, vol) = store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("volume {} not found", vid)))?;
            MasterVolumeInfo {
                volume_id: vid,
                collection: vol.collection.clone(),
                replica_placement: vol.super_block.replica_placement.to_byte(),
                ttl: vol.super_block.ttl.to_u32(),
                disk_type: store.locations[loc_idx].disk_type.to_string(),
                ip: store.ip.clone(),
                port: store.port,
            }
        };

        // Step 1: stop master from redirecting traffic here
        self.notify_master_volume_readonly(&info, true).await?;

        // Step 2: mark local volume readonly
        {
            let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
            if let Some((_, vol)) = store.find_volume_mut(vid) {
                vol.set_read_only_persist(can_delete, persist)
                    .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?;
            }
            self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
        }

        // Step 3: notify master again to cover heartbeat race
        self.notify_master_volume_readonly(&info, true).await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// The scrub loop over an already-resolved volume list.
    ///
    /// Split out of `scrub_volume` so a test can hand it a list containing an
    /// id that is not in the store: listing and lookup read the same map under
    /// the same lock, so nothing outside can make an id vanish between them.
    async fn scrub_volumes(
        &self,
        req: &volume_server_pb::ScrubVolumeRequest,
        vids: Vec<VolumeId>,
        explicit: bool,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::ScrubVolumeResponse>, Status> {
        let mode = req.mode;
        let mut total_volumes: u64 = 0;
        let mut total_files: u64 = 0;
        let mut broken_volume_ids: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
        let mut details: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        let mut broken_vids: Vec<VolumeId> = Vec::new();

        // Scrub phase. The store read guard is taken PER VOLUME, never across the
        // whole loop.
        //
        // Holding one guard for the entire loop meant a node-wide scrub pinned the
        // store lock for the full scan of every volume it holds. The periodic
        // heartbeat takes store.write(); once that writer is pending, a
        // write-preferring std::sync::RwLock queues every later reader behind it,
        // so every HTTP handler blocks and the node stops serving and
        // heart-beating until the scrub finishes. Re-acquiring per volume lets the
        // writer land between volumes.
        //
        // NOTE: v.scrub() still runs under the guard for the duration of ONE
        // volume, which for a large volume is still a long hold. In
        // scrub_ec_volume the INDEX, LOCAL and CHECKSUM arms snapshot a plan and
        // scan with the guard released; FULL/READS releases it across the index
        // walk but still re-takes it per needle, in
        // store_ec::scrub_snapshot_under_lock. The same treatment here needs
        // Volume to expose an equivalent plan and is left as a follow-up.
        for vid in &vids {
            // Re-resolve under a fresh guard each iteration; the volume set can
            // legitimately change between volumes now that the lock is released.
            let Some((scrub_result, file_count)) = ({
                let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                store.find_volume(*vid).map(|(_, v)| {
                    // INDEX mode (1) calls scrub_index; FULL (2) and LOCAL (3) call scrub
                    let r = if mode == 1 {
                        v.scrub_index()
                    } else {
                        v.scrub()
                    };
                    (r, v.file_count())
                })
            }) else {
                if let Some(status) = scrub_vanished_volume(explicit, "volume", *vid) {
                    return Err(status);
                }
                continue;
            };
            total_volumes += 1;

            match scrub_result {
                Ok((files, broken)) => {
                    total_files += files;
                    if !broken.is_empty() {
                        broken_vids.push(*vid);
                        broken_volume_ids.push(vid.0);
                        for msg in broken {
                            details.push(format!("vol {}: {}", vid.0, msg));
                        }
                    }
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    total_files += file_count.max(0) as u64;
                    broken_vids.push(*vid);
                    broken_volume_ids.push(vid.0);
                    details.push(format!("vol {}: scrub error: {}", vid.0, e));
                }
            }
        }

        // Match Go: if mark_broken_volumes_readonly, call makeVolumeReadonly on each broken volume.
        // Collect errors via errors.Join semantics (return joined error if any fail).
        let mut errs: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        if req.mark_broken_volumes_readonly {
            for vid in &broken_vids {
                match self.make_volume_readonly(*vid, false, true).await {
                    Ok(()) => {
                        details.push(format!("volume {} is now read-only", vid.0));
                    }
                    // The volume was scrubbed, found broken, and then removed —
                    // the same concurrent teardown the scrub loop tolerates, one
                    // step later. There is nothing left to mark read-only, and
                    // failing here would throw away the whole scrub report. Go
                    // never reaches this at all: it passes makeVolumeReadonly the
                    // *storage.Volume it already holds, so a volume that left the
                    // store is still addressable there.
                    Err(e) if e.code() == tonic::Code::NotFound => {
                        tracing::info!(
                            volume_id = vid.0,
                            "scrub: volume {} vanished before mark-readonly, skipping",
                            vid.0
                        );
                        details.push(format!(
                            "volume {} vanished before mark-readonly; skipped",
                            vid.0
                        ));
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        errs.push(e.message().to_string());
                        details.push(e.message().to_string());
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Record metrics before the post-scrub error check so scrub failures are
        // persisted even when a follow-up admin action (mark-readonly) fails.
        emit_scrub_metrics(mode, broken_vids.len(), None);

        if !errs.is_empty() {
            return Err(Status::internal(errs.join("\n")));
        }

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::ScrubVolumeResponse {
            total_volumes,
            total_files,
            broken_volume_ids,
            details,
        }))
    }

    /// The EC scrub loop over an already-resolved volume list. Same split, and
    /// same vanished-volume rule, as `scrub_volumes` — see its comment.
    async fn scrub_ec_volumes(
        &self,
        req: &volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeRequest,
        vids: Vec<VolumeId>,
        explicit: bool,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeResponse>, Status> {
        let mode = req.mode;
        let force_deleted_needles_check = req.force_deleted_needles_check;
        let mut total_volumes: u64 = 0;
        let mut total_files: u64 = 0;
        let mut broken_volume_ids: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
        let mut broken_shard_infos: Vec<volume_server_pb::EcShardInfo> = Vec::new();
        let mut details: Vec<String> = Vec::new();

        for vid in vids {
            match mode {
                1 => {
                    // INDEX mode: check ecx index integrity only, no shard verification.
                    // Same shape as the CHECKSUM arm below: snapshot, release
                    // the store lock, then walk the index.
                    let Some(plan) = ({
                        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                        store.find_ec_volume(vid).map(|ecv| ecv.scrub_index_plan())
                    }) else {
                        if let Some(status) = scrub_vanished_volume(explicit, "EC volume", vid) {
                            return Err(status);
                        }
                        continue;
                    };
                    // Counted as attempted BEFORE the join, so a failed join
                    // cannot silently shrink total_volumes.
                    total_volumes += 1;
                    let (count, errs) = match tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || plan.run()).await
                    {
                        Ok(v) => v,
                        Err(e) => {
                            record_scrub_join_failure(
                                &e,
                                vid,
                                "index scrub",
                                &mut broken_volume_ids,
                                &mut details,
                            );
                            continue;
                        }
                    };
                    total_files += count;
                    if !errs.is_empty() {
                        broken_volume_ids.push(vid.0);
                        for msg in errs {
                            details.push(format!("ecvol {}: {}", vid.0, msg));
                        }
                    }
                }
                2 | 5 => {
                    // FULL/READS: Go-parity per-needle local+remote walk, PLUS a TEMPORARY
                    // local Reed-Solomon parity check. The needle walk only reads
                    // DATA-shard intervals of LIVE needles, so on its own it can't
                    // catch silent bitrot in a PARITY shard or an unwalked cold
                    // region. Go closes that gap with a separate CHECKSUM mode over
                    // .ecsum, which Rust does not have yet; running both here is a
                    // deliberate divergence from Go FULL to preserve coverage. Drop
                    // verify_ec_shards from this arm once mode 4 (CHECKSUM) lands.
                    //
                    // The RS recompute needs every shard, so only run it when this
                    // node holds all data+parity shards (single-node EC); on a
                    // distributed layout it would report every non-local shard as
                    // missing. The shards need not share one disk: `verify_ec_shards`
                    // takes a directory per shard id, so a reconciled volume split
                    // across this node's disks still qualifies.
                    // Snapshot under a brief lock; release before await.
                    let Some((
                        dirs,
                        collection,
                        data_shards,
                        parity_shards,
                        all_local,
                        skipped,
                        encode_ts_ns,
                    )) = ({
                        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                        let runtimes = store.find_all_ec_volumes(vid);
                        crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_volume::merge_ec_runtimes(&runtimes).map(
                            |m| {
                                let total =
                                    (m.anchor.data_shards + m.anchor.parity_shards) as usize;
                                let dirs: Vec<Option<String>> = (0..total)
                                    .map(|id| {
                                        m.slots
                                            .get(id)
                                            .copied()
                                            .flatten()
                                            .map(|(owner, _)| owner.dir.clone())
                                    })
                                    .collect();
                                let all_local = dirs.iter().all(|d| d.is_some());
                                (
                                    dirs,
                                    m.anchor.collection.clone(),
                                    m.anchor.data_shards as usize,
                                    m.anchor.parity_shards as usize,
                                    all_local,
                                    m.skipped,
                                    m.anchor.encode_ts_ns,
                                )
                            },
                        )
                    })
                    else {
                        if let Some(status) = scrub_vanished_volume(explicit, "EC volume", vid) {
                            return Err(status);
                        }
                        continue;
                    };
                    total_volumes += 1;

                    // (1) Per-needle local+remote walk (Go ScrubEcVolume parity).
                    let (files, mut shard_infos, mut errs) =
                        crate::server::store_ec::scrub_ec_volume_distributed(
                            &self.state,
                            vid,
                            encode_ts_ns,
                            force_deleted_needles_check,
                            mode == 5,
                        )
                        .await;
                    total_files += files as u64;

                    errs.extend(skipped);

                    // (2) Local parity check, gated on all-shards-local. Blocking RS
                    // verify -> spawn_blocking; inputs are owned, no lock held.
                    if all_local {
                        let collection_pc = collection.clone();
                        let dirs_pc = dirs;
                        let join = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
                            crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_encoder::verify_ec_shards(
                                &dirs_pc,
                                &collection_pc,
                                vid,
                                data_shards,
                                parity_shards,
                            )
                        })
                        .await;
                        // Unlike the other arms this must NOT `continue`: the
                        // needle walk above already produced findings for this
                        // volume, and dropping them here would recreate the bug
                        // this handles, one scope down. So a panic becomes an
                        // error for the volume, and a cancellation -- which
                        // spawn_blocking only reports when the runtime is going
                        // down, so this response is unlikely to reach anyone --
                        // records in details that the parity half did not run
                        // rather than inventing a corruption for it.
                        let (parity_broken, parity_details) = match join {
                            Ok(r) => r.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                                (Vec::new(), vec![format!("verify_ec_shards: {}", e)])
                            }),
                            Err(e) if e.is_panic() => (
                                Vec::new(),
                                vec![format!("verify_ec_shards task panicked: {}", e)],
                            ),
                            Err(e) => {
                                details.push(format!(
                                    "ecvol {}: verify_ec_shards task cancelled; parity check skipped ({})",
                                    vid.0, e
                                ));
                                (Vec::new(), Vec::new())
                            }
                        };

                        let mut seen: std::collections::HashSet<u32> =
                            shard_infos.iter().map(|s| s.shard_id).collect();
                        for sid in parity_broken {
                            if seen.insert(sid) {
                                shard_infos.push(volume_server_pb::EcShardInfo {
                                    shard_id: sid,
                                    collection: collection.clone(),
                                    volume_id: vid.0,
                                    ..Default::default()
                                });
                            }
                        }
                        shard_infos.sort_by_key(|s| s.shard_id);
                        errs.extend(parity_details);
                    }

                    if !errs.is_empty() || !shard_infos.is_empty() {
                        broken_volume_ids.push(vid.0);
                        broken_shard_infos.extend(shard_infos);
                        for msg in errs {
                            details.push(format!("ecvol {}: {}", vid.0, msg));
                        }
                    }
                }
                3 => {
                    // LOCAL: verify each needle against the locally-held shards.
                    // Snapshot under a brief lock, then walk with the lock
                    // RELEASED: this reads every local needle's bytes, which
                    // under the guard stalls the node. See EcChecksumScrubPlan.
                    let Some(plan) = ({
                        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                        // Every disk holding this vid, not just the first: a
                        // reconciled volume's shards are split across runtimes.
                        crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_volume::EcLocalScrubPlan::for_volumes(
                            &store.find_all_ec_volumes(vid),
                        )
                    }) else {
                        if let Some(status) = scrub_vanished_volume(explicit, "EC volume", vid) {
                            return Err(status);
                        }
                        continue;
                    };
                    total_volumes += 1;
                    // Synchronous CPU + file I/O: keep it off the async workers.
                    let (files, shard_infos, errs) =
                        match tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || plan.run()).await {
                            Ok(v) => v,
                            Err(e) => {
                                record_scrub_join_failure(
                                    &e,
                                    vid,
                                    "local scrub",
                                    &mut broken_volume_ids,
                                    &mut details,
                                );
                                continue;
                            }
                        };
                    total_files += files;
                    if !errs.is_empty() || !shard_infos.is_empty() {
                        broken_volume_ids.push(vid.0);
                        broken_shard_infos.extend(shard_infos);
                        for msg in errs {
                            details.push(format!("ecvol {}: {}", vid.0, msg));
                        }
                    }
                }
                4 => {
                    // CHECKSUM: verify each local shard's raw bytes against the
                    // bitrot checksum sidecar, exercising cold parity shards.
                    // Read-only. Mirrors Go's v.ChecksumScrub().
                    // Snapshot under a brief lock, then verify with the lock
                    // RELEASED: this reads every byte of every local shard, which
                    // under the guard stalls the node. See EcChecksumScrubPlan.
                    let Some((plan, collection)) = ({
                        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                        let runtimes = store.find_all_ec_volumes(vid);
                        let collection = runtimes.first().map(|ecv| ecv.collection.clone());
                        crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_volume::EcChecksumScrubPlan::for_volumes(
                            &runtimes,
                        )
                        .zip(collection)
                    }) else {
                        if let Some(status) = scrub_vanished_volume(explicit, "EC volume", vid) {
                            return Err(status);
                        }
                        continue;
                    };
                    total_volumes += 1;
                    // Synchronous CPU + file I/O: keep it off the async workers.
                    // `plan.run()`'s first return is blocks scanned, not a file
                    // count — Go discards it (`_, shardInfos, serrs = v.ChecksumScrub()`)
                    // so TotalFiles stays a needle/file count and is not inflated
                    // by the block count.
                    let (_blocks_scanned, broken, errs) =
                        match tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || plan.run()).await {
                            Ok(v) => v,
                            Err(e) => {
                                record_scrub_join_failure(
                                    &e,
                                    vid,
                                    "checksum scrub",
                                    &mut broken_volume_ids,
                                    &mut details,
                                );
                                continue;
                            }
                        };
                    if !errs.is_empty() || !broken.is_empty() {
                        broken_volume_ids.push(vid.0);
                        for b in broken {
                            broken_shard_infos.push(volume_server_pb::EcShardInfo {
                                volume_id: vid.0,
                                collection: collection.clone(),
                                shard_id: b,
                                ..Default::default()
                            });
                        }
                        for msg in errs {
                            details.push(format!("ecvol {}: {}", vid.0, msg));
                        }
                    }
                }
                _ => unreachable!(), // validated above
            }
        }

        emit_scrub_metrics(
            mode,
            broken_volume_ids.len(),
            Some(broken_shard_infos.len()),
        );

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeResponse {
            total_volumes,
            total_files,
            broken_volume_ids,
            broken_shard_infos,
            details,
        }))
    }
}

#[tonic::async_trait]
impl VolumeServer for VolumeGrpcService {
    // ---- Core volume operations ----

    async fn batch_delete(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::BatchDeleteRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::BatchDeleteResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let mut results = Vec::new();

        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .unwrap_or_default()
            .as_secs();

        for fid_str in &req.file_ids {
            let file_id = match needle::FileId::parse(fid_str) {
                Ok(fid) => fid,
                Err(e) => {
                    results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                        file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                        status: 400, // Bad Request
                        error: e,
                        size: 0,
                        version: 0,
                    });
                    continue;
                }
            };

            let mut n = Needle {
                id: file_id.key,
                cookie: file_id.cookie,
                ..Needle::default()
            };

            // Check if this is an EC volume
            let is_ec_volume = {
                let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                store.has_ec_volume(file_id.volume_id)
            };

            // Cookie validation (unless skip_cookie_check)
            if !req.skip_cookie_check {
                let original_cookie = n.cookie;
                if !is_ec_volume {
                    let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                    match store.read_volume_needle(file_id.volume_id, &mut n) {
                        Ok(_) => {}
                        Err(e) => {
                            results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                status: 404,
                                error: e.to_string(),
                                size: 0,
                                version: 0,
                            });
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    // For EC volumes, verify needle exists in ecx index
                    let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                    if let Some(ec_vol) = store.find_ec_volume(file_id.volume_id) {
                        match ec_vol.find_needle_from_ecx(n.id) {
                            Ok(Some((_, size))) if !size.is_deleted() => {
                                // Needle exists and is not deleted — cookie check not possible
                                // for EC volumes without distributed read, so we accept it
                                n.data_size = size.0 as u32;
                            }
                            Ok(_) => {
                                results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                    file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                    status: 404,
                                    error: format!("ec needle {} not found", fid_str),
                                    size: 0,
                                    version: 0,
                                });
                                continue;
                            }
                            Err(e) => {
                                results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                    file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                    status: 404,
                                    error: e.to_string(),
                                    size: 0,
                                    version: 0,
                                });
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                            file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                            status: 404,
                            error: format!("ec volume {} not found", file_id.volume_id),
                            size: 0,
                            version: 0,
                        });
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                if n.cookie != original_cookie {
                    results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                        file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                        status: 400,
                        error: "File Random Cookie does not match.".to_string(),
                        size: 0,
                        version: 0,
                    });
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // Reject chunk manifest needles
            if n.is_chunk_manifest() {
                results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                    file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                    status: 406,
                    error: "ChunkManifest: not allowed in batch delete mode.".to_string(),
                    size: 0,
                    version: 0,
                });
                continue;
            }

            n.last_modified = now;

            if !is_ec_volume {
                let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
                // Recheck EC state under the write lock before mutating the .dat. The
                // is_ec_volume snapshot was taken earlier under a separate read lock;
                // ec.encode mounts EC shards (copied from the .dat) BEFORE deleting the
                // originals, so the vid can be EC now while the .dat still exists. A
                // delete_volume_needle here would tombstone that .dat, which the encode
                // then removes — the delete is lost and the needle resurrected from the
                // pre-tombstone shards. If the vid is now EC, return a retriable 503 so
                // the filer requeues the delete onto the EC path.
                if store.has_ec_volume(file_id.volume_id) {
                    results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                        file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                        status: 503,
                        error: format!(
                            "volume {} became ec during delete, try again",
                            file_id.volume_id
                        ),
                        size: 0,
                        version: 0,
                    });
                    continue;
                }
                match store.delete_volume_needle(file_id.volume_id, &mut n) {
                    Ok(size) => {
                        if size.0 == 0 {
                            results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                status: 304,
                                error: String::new(),
                                size: 0,
                                version: 0,
                            });
                        } else {
                            results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                status: 202,
                                error: String::new(),
                                size: size.0 as u32,
                                version: 0,
                            });
                        }
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        // The volume vanished between the is_ec_volume snapshot and
                        // this mutation. If an EC volume now occupies the vid (ec.encode
                        // mounted EC then deleted the .dat under us), the delete belongs
                        // on the EC journal, not here — return a retriable 503 with the
                        // "try again" token so the filer requeues it and the retry hits
                        // the EC path. A bare exact "not found" would be dropped
                        // permanently by the filer chunk-GC.
                        if matches!(e, crate::storage::volume::VolumeError::NotFound)
                            && store.has_ec_volume(file_id.volume_id)
                        {
                            results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                status: 503,
                                error: format!(
                                    "volume {} became ec during delete, try again",
                                    file_id.volume_id
                                ),
                                size: 0,
                                version: 0,
                            });
                        } else {
                            results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                status: 500,
                                error: e.to_string(),
                                size: 0,
                                version: 0,
                            });
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                // EC volume deletion: journal the delete locally (with cookie validation, matching Go)
                let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
                if let Some(ec_vol) = store.find_ec_volume_mut(file_id.volume_id) {
                    match ec_vol.journal_delete_with_cookie(n.id, n.cookie) {
                        Ok(()) => {
                            results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                status: 202,
                                error: String::new(),
                                size: n.data_size,
                                version: 0,
                            });
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                                file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                                status: 500,
                                error: e.to_string(),
                                size: 0,
                                version: 0,
                            });
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    results.push(volume_server_pb::DeleteResult {
                        file_id: fid_str.clone(),
                        status: 404,
                        error: format!("ec volume {} not found", file_id.volume_id),
                        size: 0,
                        version: 0,
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::BatchDeleteResponse {
            results,
        }))
    }

    async fn vacuum_volume_check(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCheckRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCheckResponse>, Status> {
        let vid = VolumeId(request.into_inner().volume_id);
        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let garbage_ratio = match store.find_volume(vid) {
            Some((_, vol)) => vol.garbage_level(),
            None => return Err(Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid))),
        };
        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCheckResponse {
            garbage_ratio,
        }))
    }

    type VacuumVolumeCompactStream = BoxStream<volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCompactResponse>;
    async fn vacuum_volume_compact(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCompactRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::VacuumVolumeCompactStream>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let preallocate = req.preallocate as u64;
        let state = self.state.clone();

        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(16);

        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            let compact_start = std::time::Instant::now();
            let report_interval: i64 = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
            let next_report = std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(report_interval);

            let tx_clone = tx.clone();
            let result = {
                let mut store = state.store.write().unwrap();
                store.compact_volume(vid, preallocate, 0, |processed| {
                    let target = next_report.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
                    if processed > target {
                        let resp = volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCompactResponse {
                            processed_bytes: processed,
                            load_avg_1m: 0.0,
                        };
                        // If send fails (client disconnected), stop compaction
                        if tx_clone.blocking_send(Ok(resp)).is_err() {
                            return false;
                        }
                        next_report.store(
                            processed + report_interval,
                            std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed,
                        );
                    }
                    true
                })
            };

            let success = result.is_ok();
            crate::metrics::VACUUMING_HISTOGRAM
                .with_label_values(&["compact"])
                .observe(compact_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
            crate::metrics::VACUUMING_COMPACT_COUNTER
                .with_label_values(&[if success { "true" } else { "false" }])
                .inc();

            if let Err(e) = result {
                let _ = tx.blocking_send(Err(Status::internal(e)));
            }
        });

        let stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream::new(rx);
        Ok(Response::new(
            Box::pin(stream) as Self::VacuumVolumeCompactStream
        ))
    }

    async fn vacuum_volume_commit(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCommitRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCommitResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let vid = VolumeId(request.into_inner().volume_id);

        // Match Go's store_vacuum.go CommitCompactVolume: skip commit if stopping
        if *self.state.is_stopping.read().unwrap() {
            return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                "volume id {} skips compact commit because volume server is stopping",
                vid.0
            )));
        }

        let commit_start = std::time::Instant::now();
        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        let result = store.commit_compact_volume(vid);
        crate::metrics::VACUUMING_HISTOGRAM
            .with_label_values(&["commit"])
            .observe(commit_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
        crate::metrics::VACUUMING_COMMIT_COUNTER
            .with_label_values(&[if result.is_ok() { "true" } else { "false" }])
            .inc();
        match result {
            Ok((is_read_only, volume_size)) => Ok(Response::new(
                volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCommitResponse {
                    is_read_only,
                    volume_size,
                },
            )),
            Err(e) => Err(Status::internal(e)),
        }
    }

    async fn vacuum_volume_cleanup(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCleanupRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCleanupResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let vid = VolumeId(request.into_inner().volume_id);
        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        match store.cleanup_compact_volume(vid) {
            Ok(()) => Ok(Response::new(
                volume_server_pb::VacuumVolumeCleanupResponse {},
            )),
            Err(e) => Err(Status::internal(e)),
        }
    }

    async fn delete_collection(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::DeleteCollectionRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::DeleteCollectionResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let collection = &request.into_inner().collection;
        {
            let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
            store
                .delete_collection(collection)
                .map_err(Status::internal)?;
        }
        // The delta the notify path derives is the only thing that tells the
        // master these slots came free: a heartbeat carries the whole list only
        // when the master asks, and a volume grown and destroyed between two of
        // them was never in one at all.
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::DeleteCollectionResponse {}))
    }

    async fn allocate_volume(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::AllocateVolumeRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::AllocateVolumeResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let rp = crate::storage::super_block::ReplicaPlacement::from_string(&req.replication)
            .map_err(|e| Status::invalid_argument(e.to_string()))?;
        let ttl = if req.ttl.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(
                crate::storage::needle::ttl::TTL::read(&req.ttl)
                    .map_err(Status::invalid_argument)?,
            )
        };
        let disk_type = DiskType::from_string(&req.disk_type);

        let version = if req.version > 0 {
            crate::storage::types::Version(req.version as u8)
        } else {
            crate::storage::types::Version::current()
        };

        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        store
            .add_volume(
                vid,
                disk_type,
                &VolumeSpec {
                    collection: &req.collection,
                    replica_placement: Some(rp),
                    ttl,
                    preallocate: req.preallocate as u64,
                    version,
                },
            )
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?;
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::AllocateVolumeResponse {}))
    }

    async fn volume_sync_status(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeSyncStatusRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeSyncStatusResponse>, Status> {
        let vid = VolumeId(request.into_inner().volume_id);
        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let (_, vol) = store
            .find_volume(vid)
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeSyncStatusResponse {
            volume_id: vid.0,
            collection: vol.collection.clone(),
            replication: vol.super_block.replica_placement.to_string(),
            ttl: vol.super_block.ttl.to_string(),
            tail_offset: vol.dat_file_size().unwrap_or(0),
            compact_revision: vol.super_block.compaction_revision as u32,
            idx_file_size: vol.idx_file_size(),
            version: vol.version().0 as u32,
        }))
    }

    type VolumeIncrementalCopyStream = BoxStream<volume_server_pb::VolumeIncrementalCopyResponse>;
    async fn volume_incremental_copy(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeIncrementalCopyRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::VolumeIncrementalCopyStream>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Sync to disk first
        {
            let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
            if let Some((_, v)) = store.find_volume_mut(vid) {
                let _ = v.sync_to_disk();
            }
        }

        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let (_, v) = store
            .find_volume(vid)
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;

        let dat_size = v.dat_file_size().unwrap_or(0);
        let super_block_size = v.super_block.block_size() as u64;

        // If since_ns is very large (after all data), return empty
        if req.since_ns == u64::MAX || dat_size <= super_block_size {
            drop(store);
            let stream = tokio_stream::iter(Vec::new());
            return Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)));
        }

        // Use binary search to find the starting offset
        let start_offset = if req.since_ns == 0 {
            super_block_size
        } else {
            match v.binary_search_by_append_at_ns(req.since_ns) {
                Ok((_offset, true)) => {
                    // All entries are before since_ns — nothing to send
                    drop(store);
                    let stream = tokio_stream::iter(Vec::new());
                    return Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)));
                }
                Ok((offset, false)) => {
                    let actual = offset.to_actual_offset();
                    if actual <= 0 {
                        super_block_size
                    } else {
                        actual as u64
                    }
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "fail to locate by appendAtNs {}: {}",
                        req.since_ns, e
                    )));
                }
            }
        };
        // A corrupt index could place the located offset past the captured
        // `.dat` size; nothing to send, and it would underflow `total` below.
        if start_offset >= dat_size {
            drop(store);
            let stream = tokio_stream::iter(Vec::new());
            return Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)));
        }
        // Capture a reader for the `.dat` while the volume lookup is still
        // protected by the store lock, then drop the lock and stream the delta
        // through a bounded channel fed by a blocking reader task (instead of
        // buffering the whole delta into a Vec). Opening the local file -- or
        // cloning the remote backend handle -- under the lock pins it to the
        // volume that exists now, so a concurrent delete/recreate can't make us
        // stream from the wrong file, and no store lock is held while a slow
        // disk or S3 read runs.
        enum DatReader {
            Local(std::fs::File),
            Remote(crate::storage::volume::RemoteDatFile),
        }
        let reader = if v.has_remote_file {
            match v.remote_dat_file() {
                Some(r) => DatReader::Remote(r),
                None => {
                    return Err(Status::not_found(format!(
                        "remote dat not loaded for volume id {}",
                        vid
                    )))
                }
            }
        } else {
            let path = v.file_name(".dat");
            let file = std::fs::File::open(&path)
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("open {}: {}", path, e)))?;
            DatReader::Local(file)
        };
        drop(store);

        let total = dat_size - start_offset;
        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<
            Result<volume_server_pb::VolumeIncrementalCopyResponse, Status>,
        >(8);

        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            let buffer_size = 2 * 1024 * 1024u64; // 2MB chunks
            let mut bytes_to_read = total;
            let mut offset = start_offset;

            match reader {
                DatReader::Local(file) => {
                    // Local volume: stream directly from the .dat, no lock held.
                    use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
                    let mut reader = std::io::BufReader::new(file);
                    if let Err(e) = reader.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset)) {
                        let _ = tx.blocking_send(Err(Status::internal(e.to_string())));
                        return;
                    }
                    while bytes_to_read > 0 {
                        let chunk = std::cmp::min(bytes_to_read, buffer_size) as usize;
                        let mut buf = vec![0u8; chunk];
                        match reader.read(&mut buf) {
                            Ok(0) => break, // EOF
                            Ok(n) => {
                                buf.truncate(n);
                                let msg = volume_server_pb::VolumeIncrementalCopyResponse {
                                    file_content: buf,
                                };
                                if tx.blocking_send(Ok(msg)).is_err() {
                                    return; // receiver dropped
                                }
                                bytes_to_read -= n as u64;
                            }
                            Err(e) => {
                                let _ = tx.blocking_send(Err(Status::internal(e.to_string())));
                                return;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                DatReader::Remote(remote) => {
                    // Remote/tiered volume: read through the cloned backend
                    // handle. No store lock is held while the (potentially slow)
                    // S3 fetch runs, so it never blocks store writers.
                    while bytes_to_read > 0 {
                        let chunk = std::cmp::min(bytes_to_read, buffer_size) as usize;
                        match remote.read_slice(offset, chunk) {
                            Ok(buf) if buf.is_empty() => break,
                            Ok(buf) => {
                                let read_len = buf.len() as u64;
                                let msg = volume_server_pb::VolumeIncrementalCopyResponse {
                                    file_content: buf,
                                };
                                if tx.blocking_send(Ok(msg)).is_err() {
                                    return; // receiver dropped
                                }
                                bytes_to_read -= read_len;
                                offset += read_len;
                            }
                            Err(e) => {
                                let _ = tx.blocking_send(Err(Status::internal(e.to_string())));
                                return;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        });

        let stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream::new(rx);
        Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)))
    }

    async fn volume_mount(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeMountRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeMountResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        store
            .mount_volume_by_id(vid, req.collection.as_deref())
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?;
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeMountResponse {}))
    }

    async fn volume_unmount(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeUnmountRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeUnmountResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let vid = VolumeId(request.into_inner().volume_id);
        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        // Go returns nil when volume is not found (idempotent unmount)
        if store.unmount_volume(vid) {
            self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
        }
        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeUnmountResponse {}))
    }

    async fn volume_consolidate_index(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeConsolidateIndexRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeConsolidateIndexResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let vid = VolumeId(request.into_inner().volume_id);
        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        store
            .consolidate_volume_index(vid)
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?;
        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeConsolidateIndexResponse {},
        ))
    }

    /// Allowed in maintenance mode: it removes data from the server rather than
    /// adding any, and evacuating a server in maintenance mode ends each move by
    /// deleting the source copy (issue #11066).
    async fn volume_delete(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeDeleteRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeDeleteResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        if req.only_empty {
            let (_, vol) = store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;
            if vol.file_count() > 0 {
                return Err(Status::failed_precondition("volume not empty"));
            }
        }
        store
            .delete_volume(vid, req.only_empty, req.keep_remote_data)
            .map_err(|e| match e {
                crate::storage::volume::VolumeError::NotFound => {
                    Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid))
                }
                crate::storage::volume::VolumeError::NotEmpty => {
                    Status::failed_precondition("volume not empty")
                }
                other => Status::internal(other.to_string()),
            })?;
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeDeleteResponse {}))
    }

    async fn volume_mark_readonly(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeMarkReadonlyRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeMarkReadonlyResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        // Go: VolumeMarkReadonly looks the volume up before calling makeVolumeReadonly
        {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("volume {} not found", vid)))?;
        }
        self.make_volume_readonly(vid, req.can_delete, req.persist)
            .await?;
        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeMarkReadonlyResponse {},
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_mark_writable(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeMarkWritableRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeMarkWritableResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let info = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (loc_idx, vol) = store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("volume {} not found", vid)))?;
            MasterVolumeInfo {
                volume_id: vid,
                collection: vol.collection.clone(),
                replica_placement: vol.super_block.replica_placement.to_byte(),
                ttl: vol.super_block.ttl.to_u32(),
                disk_type: store.locations[loc_idx].disk_type.to_string(),
                ip: store.ip.clone(),
                port: store.port,
            }
        };
        // Go: maintenance check (L194 in makeVolumeWritable) happens after volume lookup (L253-255)
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;

        // Step 1: mark local volume as writable (save result; Go continues on error)
        let mark_result = {
            let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
            let res = store
                .find_volume_mut(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("volume {} not found", vid)))
                .and_then(|(_, vol)| {
                    vol.set_writable()
                        .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))
                });
            if res.is_ok() {
                self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
            }
            res
        };

        // Step 2: Go returns early if marking failed (L198-200), before notifying master.
        mark_result?;
        // Step 3: enable master to redirect traffic here
        self.notify_master_volume_readonly(&info, false).await?;
        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeMarkWritableResponse {},
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_configure(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeConfigureRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeConfigureResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Validate replication string — return response error, not gRPC error
        let rp = match crate::storage::super_block::ReplicaPlacement::from_string(&req.replication)
        {
            Ok(rp) => rp,
            Err(e) => {
                return Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeConfigureResponse {
                    error: format!("volume configure replication {}: {}", req.replication, e),
                }));
            }
        };

        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();

        // Unmount the volume (Go propagates unmount errors via resp.Error;
        // Rust unmount_volume returns bool, so not-found falls through to configure_volume)
        store.unmount_volume(vid);

        // Modify the super block on disk (replica_placement byte)
        if let Err(e) = store.configure_volume(vid, rp) {
            let mut error = format!("volume configure {}: {}", vid, e);
            // Error recovery: try to re-mount anyway
            if let Err(mount_err) = store.mount_volume_by_id(vid, None) {
                error += &format!(". Also failed to restore mount: {}", mount_err);
            }
            return Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeConfigureResponse {
                error,
            }));
        }

        // Re-mount the volume
        if let Err(e) = store.mount_volume_by_id(vid, None) {
            return Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeConfigureResponse {
                error: format!("volume configure mount {}: {}", vid, e),
            }));
        }
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeConfigureResponse {
            error: String::new(),
        }))
    }

    async fn volume_status(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeStatusRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeStatusResponse>, Status> {
        let vid = VolumeId(request.into_inner().volume_id);
        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let (_, vol) = store
            .find_volume(vid)
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;

        // Go checks v.DataBackend != nil before building the response.
        if !vol.has_data_backend() {
            return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                "volume {} data backend not found",
                vid
            )));
        }

        // Go uses v.DataBackend.GetStat() which returns the actual .dat file size
        let volume_size = vol.dat_file_size().unwrap_or(0);

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeStatusResponse {
            is_read_only: vol.is_read_only(),
            volume_size,
            file_count: vol.file_count() as u64,
            file_deleted_count: vol.deleted_count() as u64,
        }))
    }

    async fn get_state(
        &self,
        _request: Request<volume_server_pb::GetStateRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::GetStateResponse>, Status> {
        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::GetStateResponse {
            state: Some(volume_server_pb::VolumeServerState {
                maintenance: self.state.maintenance.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                version: self.state.state_version.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            }),
        }))
    }

    async fn set_state(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::SetStateRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::SetStateResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();

        if let Some(new_state) = &req.state {
            // Go's State.Update checks version: if incoming version != stored version → error.
            let current_version = self.state.state_version.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
            if new_state.version != current_version {
                return Err(Status::failed_precondition(format!(
                    "version mismatch for VolumeServerState (got {}, want {})",
                    new_state.version, current_version
                )));
            }

            // Save previous state for rollback on persistence failure (matches Go)
            let prev_maintenance = self.state.maintenance.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
            let prev_version = current_version;

            self.state
                .maintenance
                .store(new_state.maintenance, Ordering::Relaxed);
            let new_version = self.state.state_version.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) + 1;

            // Persist to disk (matches Go's State.save)
            let pb = volume_server_pb::VolumeServerState {
                maintenance: new_state.maintenance,
                version: new_version,
            };
            if let Err(e) = save_state_file(&self.state.state_file_path, &pb) {
                // Rollback in-memory state on save failure (matches Go)
                self.state
                    .maintenance
                    .store(prev_maintenance, Ordering::Relaxed);
                self.state
                    .state_version
                    .store(prev_version, Ordering::Relaxed);
                return Err(Status::internal(format!("failed to save state: {}", e)));
            }

            Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::SetStateResponse {
                state: Some(pb),
            }))
        } else {
            // nil state = no-op, return current state
            Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::SetStateResponse {
                state: Some(volume_server_pb::VolumeServerState {
                    maintenance: self.state.maintenance.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                    version: self.state.state_version.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                }),
            }))
        }
    }

    type VolumeCopyStream = BoxStream<volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyResponse>;
    async fn volume_copy(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::VolumeCopyStream>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // A pre-existing local replica is NOT deleted up front. Deleting before
        // the source is confirmed reachable destroys a healthy copy on a
        // transient source outage (and, on retry, can lose the volume
        // entirely). The delete is deferred until read_volume_file_status below
        // proves the source holds the volume; readability alone is the gate.
        let had_existing_volume = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            store.find_volume(vid).is_some()
        };

        // Parse source_data_node address: "ip:port.grpcPort" or "ip:port" (grpc = port + 10000)
        let source = &req.source_data_node;
        let grpc_addr = parse_grpc_address(source).map_err(|e| {
            Status::internal(format!(
                "VolumeCopy volume {} invalid source_data_node {}: {}",
                vid, source, e
            ))
        })?;

        let channel = build_grpc_endpoint(&grpc_addr, self.state.outgoing_grpc_tls.as_ref())
            .map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!("VolumeCopy volume {} parse source: {}", vid, e))
            })?
            .connect()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!(
                    "VolumeCopy volume {} connect to {}: {}",
                    vid, grpc_addr, e
                ))
            })?;

        let mut client =
            volume_server_pb::volume_server_client::VolumeServerClient::with_interceptor(
                channel,
                super::request_id::outgoing_request_id_interceptor,
            )
            .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
            .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE);

        // Get file status from source
        let vol_info = client
            .read_volume_file_status(volume_server_pb::ReadVolumeFileStatusRequest {
                volume_id: req.volume_id,
            })
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("read volume file status failed, {}", e)))?
            .into_inner();

        // Source is reachable and holds the volume: only now is it safe to drop
        // an existing local replica before overwriting its files.
        if had_existing_volume {
            let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
            // keep remote data: the inbound copy carries a .vif that may point
            // at the same cloud-tier object the existing volume references.
            store.delete_volume(vid, false, true).map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!("failed to delete existing volume {}: {}", vid, e))
            })?;
            drop(store);
            self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
        }

        let requested_disk_type = if !req.disk_type.is_empty() {
            DiskType::from_string(&req.disk_type)
        } else {
            DiskType::from_string(&vol_info.disk_type)
        };

        let has_remote_dat = vol_info
            .volume_info
            .as_ref()
            .map(|vi| !vi.files.is_empty())
            .unwrap_or(false);
        // a remote-backed volume only lands its .idx/.vif locally; the .dat stays in the tier
        let needed_space = if has_remote_dat {
            vol_info.idx_file_size
        } else {
            vol_info.dat_file_size
        };

        // Find a free disk location using Go's Store.FindFreeLocation semantics.
        let (data_base, idx_base, selected_disk_type) = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let Some(loc_idx) = store.find_free_location_predicate(|loc| {
                loc.disk_type == requested_disk_type
                    && loc.available_space.load(Ordering::Relaxed) > needed_space
            }) else {
                return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                    "no space left {}",
                    requested_disk_type.readable_string()
                )));
            };
            let loc = &store.locations[loc_idx];
            (
                loc.directory.clone(),
                loc.idx_directory.clone(),
                loc.disk_type.clone(),
            )
        };

        let data_base_name =
            crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&data_base, &vol_info.collection, vid);
        let idx_base_name =
            crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&idx_base, &vol_info.collection, vid);

        // Write a .note file to indicate copy in progress. A leftover note
        // fails the volume load on restart, so a write failure must abort.
        let note_path = format!("{}.note", data_base_name);
        std::fs::write(&note_path, format!("copying from {}", source))
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("write .note for volume {}: {}", vid, e)))?;

        let (tx, rx) =
            tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<Result<volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyResponse, Status>>(16);
        let state = self.state.clone();

        tokio::spawn(async move {
            // Tracks whether mount_volume succeeded so the error branch can
            // unmount (not just unlink) an orphaned replica. A mount that
            // races a departing caller is the one case where the existing
            // file-only cleanup leaves the volume loaded in memory.
            let mut mounted = false;
            let result = async {
                // Nothing below is worth doing for a caller that has already
                // gone: the transfer would spend the source's bandwidth and the
                // destination's disk on a volume nobody will take delivery of.
                if tx.is_closed() {
                    return Err(Status::cancelled(format!(
                        "volume {} copy cancelled by caller",
                        vid
                    )));
                }

                let report_interval: i64 = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
                let mut next_report_target: i64 = report_interval;
                let io_byte_per_second = if req.io_byte_per_second > 0 {
                    req.io_byte_per_second
                } else {
                    state.maintenance_byte_per_second
                };
                let mut throttler = WriteThrottler::new(io_byte_per_second);

                // Query master for preallocation settings (matching Go VolumeCopy behavior).
                let mut preallocate_size: i64 = 0;
                if !has_remote_dat {
                    let grpc_addr = super::heartbeat::to_grpc_address(&state.master_url);
                    // Race the master-configuration RPC against the caller's
                    // response channel: a stalled master (or a slow leader
                    // election) would otherwise hold the task and its .note
                    // past a departing caller, since the per-chunk checks in
                    // copy_file_from_source are never reached.
                    let config = tokio::select! {
                        res = super::heartbeat::try_get_master_configuration(
                            &grpc_addr,
                            state.outgoing_grpc_tls.as_ref(),
                        ) => res,
                        _ = tx.closed() => {
                            return Err(Status::cancelled(format!(
                                "volume {} copy cancelled by caller",
                                vid
                            )));
                        }
                    };
                    match config {
                        Ok(resp) => {
                            if resp.volume_preallocate {
                                preallocate_size = resp.volume_size_limit_m_b as i64 * 1024 * 1024;
                            }
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            tracing::warn!("get master {} configuration: {}", state.master_url, e);
                        }
                    }

                    if preallocate_size > 0 {
                        let dat_path = format!("{}.dat", data_base_name);
                        let file = std::fs::File::create(&dat_path).map_err(|e| {
                            Status::internal(format!(
                                "create preallocated volume file {}: {}",
                                dat_path, e
                            ))
                        })?;
                        file.set_len(preallocate_size as u64).map_err(|e| {
                            Status::internal(format!("preallocate volume file {}: {}", dat_path, e))
                        })?;
                    }
                }

                // Copy .dat file
                let mut progress = CopyProgress {
                    tx: &tx,
                    next_report_target: &mut next_report_target,
                    report_interval,
                    throttler: &mut throttler,
                };
                if !has_remote_dat {
                    let dat_path = format!("{}.dat", data_base_name);
                    let dat_modified_ts_ns = copy_file_from_source(
                        &mut client,
                        &CopyFileSpec {
                            is_ec_volume: false,
                            collection: &req.collection,
                            volume_id: req.volume_id,
                            compaction_revision: vol_info.compaction_revision,
                            stop_offset: vol_info.dat_file_size,
                            dest_path: &dat_path,
                            ext: ".dat",
                            is_append: false,
                            ignore_source_not_found: true,
                            report_progress: true,
                        },
                        &mut progress,
                    )
                    .await?;
                    if dat_modified_ts_ns > 0 {
                        let _ = set_file_mtime(&dat_path, dat_modified_ts_ns);
                    }
                }

                // Copy .idx file
                let idx_path = format!("{}.idx", idx_base_name);
                let idx_modified_ts_ns = copy_file_from_source(
                    &mut client,
                    &CopyFileSpec {
                        is_ec_volume: false,
                        collection: &req.collection,
                        volume_id: req.volume_id,
                        compaction_revision: vol_info.compaction_revision,
                        stop_offset: vol_info.idx_file_size,
                        dest_path: &idx_path,
                        ext: ".idx",
                        is_append: false,
                        ignore_source_not_found: false,
                        report_progress: false,
                    },
                    &mut progress,
                )
                .await?;
                if idx_modified_ts_ns > 0 {
                    let _ = set_file_mtime(&idx_path, idx_modified_ts_ns);
                }

                // Copy .vif file (ignore if not found on source)
                let vif_path = format!("{}.vif", data_base_name);
                let vif_modified_ts_ns = copy_file_from_source(
                    &mut client,
                    &CopyFileSpec {
                        is_ec_volume: false,
                        collection: &req.collection,
                        volume_id: req.volume_id,
                        compaction_revision: vol_info.compaction_revision,
                        stop_offset: 1024 * 1024,
                        dest_path: &vif_path,
                        ext: ".vif",
                        is_append: false,
                        ignore_source_not_found: true,
                        report_progress: false,
                    },
                    &mut progress,
                )
                .await?;
                if vif_modified_ts_ns > 0 {
                    let _ = set_file_mtime(&vif_path, vif_modified_ts_ns);
                }

                // Remove the .note file. A leftover note fails the load on the
                // next restart, so a removal failure must fail the copy.
                if let Err(e) = std::fs::remove_file(&note_path)
                    && e.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound
                {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "remove .note for volume {}: {}",
                        vid, e
                    )));
                }

                // Verify file sizes
                if !has_remote_dat {
                    let dat_path = format!("{}.dat", data_base_name);
                    check_copy_file_size(&dat_path, vol_info.dat_file_size)?;
                }
                if vol_info.idx_file_size > 0 {
                    check_copy_file_size(&idx_path, vol_info.idx_file_size)?;
                }

                // Find last_append_at_ns from copied files
                let last_append_at_ns = if !has_remote_dat {
                    find_last_append_at_ns(
                        &idx_path,
                        &format!("{}.dat", data_base_name),
                        vol_info.version,
                    )
                    .unwrap_or(vol_info.dat_file_timestamp_seconds * 1_000_000_000)
                } else {
                    vol_info.dat_file_timestamp_seconds * 1_000_000_000
                };

                // An orphaned mount is how an abandoned copy does lasting
                // damage: the destination carries that volume's index cache for
                // the lifetime of the process, and under replication=000 the
                // cluster is left holding one volume id on two servers, both
                // writable, which concurrent writes can diverge.
                if tx.is_closed() {
                    return Err(Status::cancelled(format!(
                        "volume {} copy cancelled by caller before mount",
                        vid
                    )));
                }

                // Mount the volume
                {
                    let mut store = state.store.write().unwrap();
                    store
                        .mount_volume(vid, &vol_info.collection, selected_disk_type)
                        .map_err(|e| {
                            Status::internal(format!("failed to mount volume {}: {}", vid, e))
                        })?;
                    mounted = true;
                }
                state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();

                // Send final response with last_append_at_ns. A failed send
                // means the caller is gone: the mount above raced a departing
                // receiver (the pre-mount is_closed() check cannot close that
                // window), and leaving the volume mounted is exactly the orphan
                // this PR prevents. Surface it as Cancelled so the error branch
                // unmounts and deletes the replica it just created.
                if tx
                    .send(Ok(volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyResponse {
                        last_append_at_ns,
                        processed_bytes: 0,
                    }))
                    .await
                    .is_err()
                {
                    return Err(Status::cancelled(format!(
                        "volume {} copy cancelled by caller after mount",
                        vid
                    )));
                }

                Ok::<(), Status>(())
            }
            .await;

            if let Err(e) = result {
                // An abandoned copy is otherwise invisible here: the error goes
                // to a channel nobody is reading. Logging it gives the operator
                // the cause behind the balancer's "delete that copy, then re-run
                // the move".
                if e.code() == tonic::Code::Cancelled {
                    tracing::info!(
                        "volume {} copy from {} abandoned by its caller, discarding the partial copy",
                        vid,
                        req.source_data_node
                    );
                } else {
                    tracing::warn!(
                        "volume {} copy from {} failed: {}",
                        vid,
                        req.source_data_node,
                        e
                    );
                }
                // Clean up on error. If the volume was mounted (the after-mount
                // race), delete_volume unmounts it from the store AND removes
                // the .dat/.idx/.vif in one step; the remove_file calls below
                // cover the never-mounted partial-file case and are harmless
                // no-ops when delete_volume already removed the files.
                //
                // keep_remote_data=true matches the pre-spawn delete_volume at
                // the top of volume_copy: a remote-tier copy's .vif points at
                // the same cloud object the source replica references, so
                // destroying the abandoned destination with keep_remote_data=
                // false would delete the source's remote data.
                if mounted {
                    let mut store = state.store.write().unwrap();
                    let _ = store.delete_volume(vid, false, true);
                    state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
                }
                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(format!("{}.dat", data_base_name));
                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(format!("{}.idx", idx_base_name));
                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(format!("{}.vif", data_base_name));
                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&note_path);
                let _ = tx.send(Err(e)).await;
            }
        });

        let stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream::new(rx);
        Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)))
    }

    async fn read_volume_file_status(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::ReadVolumeFileStatusRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::ReadVolumeFileStatusResponse>, Status> {
        let vid = VolumeId(request.into_inner().volume_id);
        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let (loc_idx, vol) = store
            .find_volume(vid)
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;

        let mod_time = vol.dat_file_mod_time();
        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::ReadVolumeFileStatusResponse {
                volume_id: vid.0,
                idx_file_timestamp_seconds: mod_time,
                idx_file_size: vol.idx_file_size(),
                dat_file_timestamp_seconds: mod_time,
                dat_file_size: vol.dat_file_size().unwrap_or(0),
                file_count: vol.file_count() as u64,
                compaction_revision: vol.super_block.compaction_revision as u32,
                collection: vol.collection.clone(),
                disk_type: store.locations[loc_idx].disk_type.to_string(),
                volume_info: Some(vol.volume_info.clone()),
                version: vol.version().0 as u32,
            },
        ))
    }

    type CopyFileStream = BoxStream<volume_server_pb::CopyFileResponse>;
    async fn copy_file(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::CopyFileStream>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        let file_name: String;

        if !req.is_ec_volume {
            // Sync volume to disk before copying (matching Go's v.SyncToDisk())
            {
                let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
                if let Some((_, v)) = store.find_volume_mut(vid) {
                    let _ = v.sync_to_disk();
                }
            }

            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, v) = store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;

            // Check compaction revision. Compare against the volume's live
            // super_block.compaction_revision (matching Go's v.CompactionRevision,
            // which is the embedded SuperBlock field). last_compact_revision() is
            // a separate bookkeeping value recorded just before a compaction starts
            // (for makeup-diff catch-up) and is intentionally left behind the live
            // revision afterward — it is not interchangeable with the live value and
            // must not be used here, or this check spuriously fails on every volume
            // that has ever been compacted even once.
            if req.compaction_revision != u32::MAX
                && u32::from(v.super_block.compaction_revision) != req.compaction_revision
            {
                return Err(Status::failed_precondition(format!(
                    "volume {} is compacted",
                    vid.0
                )));
            }

            file_name = v.file_name(&req.ext);
            drop(store);
        } else {
            // Sync EC volume journal to disk before copying (matching Go's ecv.SyncToDisk())
            {
                let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                if let Some(ecv) = store.find_ec_volume(vid) {
                    let _ = ecv.sync_to_disk();
                }
            }

            // EC volume: search disk locations for the file
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let mut found_path = None;
            let ec_base = if req.collection.is_empty() {
                format!("{}{}", vid.0, req.ext)
            } else {
                format!("{}_{}{}", req.collection, vid.0, req.ext)
            };
            for loc in &store.locations {
                let path = format!("{}/{}", loc.directory, ec_base);
                if std::path::Path::new(&path).exists() {
                    found_path = Some(path);
                }
                let idx_path = format!("{}/{}", loc.idx_directory, ec_base);
                if std::path::Path::new(&idx_path).exists() {
                    found_path = Some(idx_path);
                }
            }
            drop(store);

            match found_path {
                Some(p) => file_name = p,
                None => {
                    if req.ignore_source_file_not_found {
                        let stream = tokio_stream::iter(Vec::new());
                        return Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)));
                    }
                    return Err(Status::not_found(format!(
                        "CopyFile not found ec volume id {}",
                        vid.0
                    )));
                }
            }
        }

        // Open file and read content
        let file = match std::fs::File::open(&file_name) {
            Ok(f) => f,
            Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
                if req.ignore_source_file_not_found || req.stop_offset == 0 {
                    let stream = tokio_stream::iter(Vec::new());
                    return Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)));
                }
                return Err(Status::not_found(format!("{}", e)));
            }
            Err(e) => return Err(Status::internal(e.to_string())),
        };

        let metadata = file
            .metadata()
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?;
        let mod_ts_ns = metadata
            .modified()
            .ok()
            .and_then(|t| t.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).ok())
            .map(|d| d.as_nanos() as i64)
            .unwrap_or(0);

        // Stream the file in 2MB chunks from a blocking reader task instead of
        // materializing the whole file into a Vec first. The previous code
        // pushed every chunk into `results` and only then returned
        // `tokio_stream::iter(results)`, so serving a large volume as a copy
        // source (e.g. during `volume.fix.replication`) held the entire .dat
        // (up to the volume size limit) resident at once and could OOM the
        // process. A bounded channel caps memory at channel_capacity * 2MB and
        // applies backpressure to the reader.
        let stop_offset = req.stop_offset;
        let (tx, rx) =
            tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<Result<volume_server_pb::CopyFileResponse, Status>>(8);

        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            use std::io::Read;
            let buffer_size = 2 * 1024 * 1024u64; // 2MB chunks
            let mut reader = std::io::BufReader::new(file);
            let mut bytes_to_read = stop_offset;
            let mut first = true;

            while bytes_to_read > 0 {
                let chunk_size = std::cmp::min(bytes_to_read, buffer_size) as usize;
                let mut buf = vec![0u8; chunk_size];
                match reader.read(&mut buf) {
                    Ok(0) => break, // EOF
                    Ok(n) => {
                        let n = std::cmp::min(n, bytes_to_read as usize);
                        buf.truncate(n);
                        let msg = volume_server_pb::CopyFileResponse {
                            file_content: buf,
                            modified_ts_ns: if first { mod_ts_ns } else { 0 },
                        };
                        if tx.blocking_send(Ok(msg)).is_err() {
                            return; // receiver dropped, stop reading
                        }
                        first = false;
                        bytes_to_read -= n as u64;
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        let _ = tx.blocking_send(Err(Status::internal(e.to_string())));
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }

            // If no data was sent, still send ModifiedTsNs
            if first && mod_ts_ns != 0 {
                let _ = tx.blocking_send(Ok(volume_server_pb::CopyFileResponse {
                    file_content: vec![],
                    modified_ts_ns: mod_ts_ns,
                }));
            }
        });

        let stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream::new(rx);
        Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)))
    }

    async fn receive_file(
        &self,
        request: Request<Streaming<volume_server_pb::ReceiveFileRequest>>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::ReceiveFileResponse>, Status> {
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;

        let mut stream = request.into_inner();
        let mut target_file: Option<std::fs::File> = None;
        let mut file_path: Option<String> = None;
        let mut bytes_written: u64 = 0;
        let mut resp_error: Option<String> = None;

        let result: Result<(), Status> = async {
            while let Some(req) = stream.message().await? {
                match req.data {
                    Some(volume_server_pb::receive_file_request::Data::Info(info)) => {
                        // Determine file path
                        let path = if info.is_ec_volume {
                            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                            // std::fs::File::create truncates in place; a mounted
                            // EcVolume holds fds on the same inodes, so overwriting
                            // corrupts live readers.
                            if store.has_ec_volume(VolumeId(info.volume_id)) {
                                let mounted_disks =
                                    store.find_ec_volume_disk_ids(VolumeId(info.volume_id));
                                resp_error = Some(format!(
                                    "ec volume {} is mounted on disk_ids:{:?}; unmount before ReceiveFile",
                                    info.volume_id, mounted_disks
                                ));
                                break;
                            }
                            // disk_id=0 means "unset" (protobuf default), so auto-select
                            // using the same primitive as volume_ec_shards_copy: prefer
                            // a disk that has the EC volume mounted, then a disk that
                            // owns the .ecx on disk (volume not yet mounted — relevant
                            // when shards stream in mid-rebuild before any
                            // VolumeEcShardsMount has happened; see #9212), then any
                            // HDD, then any disk. Pass the build's default data-shard
                            // count for free-slot maths; the helper takes it as a
                            // parameter so custom-ratio builds can swap it.
                            let vid = VolumeId(info.volume_id);
                            let dir = if info.disk_id > 0 {
                                let count = store.locations.len();
                                if (info.disk_id as usize) >= count {
                                    resp_error = Some(format!(
                                        "invalid disk_id {}: only have {} disks",
                                        info.disk_id, count
                                    ));
                                    break;
                                }
                                Some(store.locations[info.disk_id as usize].directory.clone())
                            } else {
                                // The mounted-volume refusal above means no disk
                                // holds an in-memory claim here.
                                store
                                    .find_ec_shard_target_location(
                                        &info.collection,
                                        vid,
                                        DATA_SHARDS_COUNT as u32,
                                        &[],
                                    )
                                    .map(|i| store.locations[i].directory.clone())
                            };
                            drop(store);
                            let dir = match dir {
                                Some(d) => d,
                                None => {
                                    resp_error = Some("no storage location available".to_string());
                                    break;
                                }
                            };
                            let ec_base = if info.collection.is_empty() {
                                format!("{}", info.volume_id)
                            } else {
                                format!("{}_{}", info.collection, info.volume_id)
                            };
                            format!("{}/{}{}", dir, ec_base, info.ext)
                        } else {
                            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                            let existing = store
                                .find_volume(VolumeId(info.volume_id))
                                .map(|(_, v)| v.file_name(&info.ext));
                            if let Some(p) = existing {
                                drop(store);
                                p
                            } else if !info.disk_type.is_empty() {
                                // Staged-new-volume mode (EC decode onto a clean peer):
                                // the volume does not exist here yet. Pick a free-slot
                                // disk location of the requested medium and stage the
                                // file as <base><ext>.copying, to be renamed into place
                                // and mounted by VolumeEcShardsToVolume(from_staged).
                                // .idx.copying/.vif.copying are not valid volume names,
                                // so the scanner never half-loads a partial push.
                                let want = DiskType::from_string(&info.disk_type);
                                let staged_vid = VolumeId(info.volume_id);
                                // Don't stage the decoded .dat onto a disk that holds a
                                // shard of this vid. Check the mounted map and the on-disk
                                // files, so an unmounted or orphan shard (on disk, absent
                                // from the map) is caught too.
                                match store.find_free_location_predicate(|l| {
                                    if l.disk_type != want {
                                        return false;
                                    }
                                    if l.ec_volumes().any(|(v, _)| *v == staged_vid) {
                                        return false;
                                    }
                                    let base = crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(
                                        &l.directory,
                                        &info.collection,
                                        staged_vid,
                                    );
                                    !(0..crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_shard::MAX_SHARD_COUNT)
                                        .any(|i| {
                                            std::fs::metadata(format!("{}.ec{:02}", base, i))
                                                .map(|m| m.len() > 0)
                                                .unwrap_or(false)
                                        })
                                }) {
                                    Some(i) => {
                                        let dir = store.locations[i].directory.clone();
                                        drop(store);
                                        let vfile = if info.collection.is_empty() {
                                            format!("{}/{}", dir, info.volume_id)
                                        } else {
                                            format!("{}/{}_{}", dir, info.collection, info.volume_id)
                                        };
                                        format!("{}{}.copying", vfile, info.ext)
                                    }
                                    None => {
                                        drop(store);
                                        return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                                            "no {} disk location with a free slot for volume {}",
                                            info.disk_type, info.volume_id
                                        )));
                                    }
                                }
                            } else {
                                drop(store);
                                return Err(Status::not_found(format!(
                                    "volume {} not found",
                                    info.volume_id
                                )));
                            }
                        };

                        target_file = Some(std::fs::File::create(&path).map_err(|e| {
                            Status::internal(format!("failed to create file: {}", e))
                        })?);
                        file_path = Some(path);
                    }
                    Some(volume_server_pb::receive_file_request::Data::FileContent(content)) => {
                        if let Some(ref mut f) = target_file {
                            use std::io::Write;
                            match f.write(&content) {
                                Ok(n) => bytes_written += n as u64,
                                Err(e) => {
                                    // Match Go: write failures are response-level errors, not gRPC errors
                                    resp_error = Some(format!("failed to write file: {}", e));
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            // Go returns protocol violations as response-level errors
                            resp_error = Some("file info must be sent first".to_string());
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    None => {
                        resp_error = Some("unknown message type".to_string());
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            Ok(())
        }
        .await;

        match result {
            Ok(()) => {
                // Check for protocol-level errors (returned in response body, not gRPC status)
                if let Some(err_msg) = resp_error {
                    return Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::ReceiveFileResponse {
                        error: err_msg,
                        bytes_written: 0,
                    }));
                }
                if let Some(ref f) = target_file {
                    let _ = f.sync_all();
                }
                Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::ReceiveFileResponse {
                    error: String::new(),
                    bytes_written,
                }))
            }
            Err(e) => {
                // Clean up partial file on stream error (Go parity: closes file, removes it)
                if let Some(f) = target_file.take() {
                    drop(f);
                }
                if let Some(ref p) = file_path {
                    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(p);
                }
                Err(e)
            }
        }
    }

    async fn read_needle_blob(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::ReadNeedleBlobRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::ReadNeedleBlobResponse>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let offset = req.offset;
        let size = Size(req.size);

        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let (_, vol) = store
            .find_volume(vid)
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;

        let blob = vol.read_needle_blob(offset, size).map_err(|e| {
            Status::internal(format!(
                "read needle blob offset {} size {}: {}",
                offset, size.0, e
            ))
        })?;

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::ReadNeedleBlobResponse {
            needle_blob: blob,
        }))
    }

    async fn read_needle_meta(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::ReadNeedleMetaRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::ReadNeedleMetaResponse>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let needle_id = NeedleId(req.needle_id);

        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let (_, vol) = store.find_volume(vid).ok_or_else(|| {
            Status::not_found(format!(
                "not found volume id {} and read needle metadata at ec shards is not supported",
                vid
            ))
        })?;

        let offset = req.offset;
        let size = crate::storage::types::Size(req.size);

        let mut n = Needle {
            id: needle_id,
            flags: 0x08,
            ..Needle::default()
        };
        vol.read_needle_meta_at(&mut n, offset, size)
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("read needle meta: {}", e)))?;

        let ttl_str = n.ttl.as_ref().map_or(String::new(), |t| t.to_string());
        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::ReadNeedleMetaResponse {
            cookie: n.cookie.0,
            last_modified: n.last_modified,
            crc: n.checksum.0,
            ttl: ttl_str,
            append_at_ns: n.append_at_ns,
        }))
    }

    async fn write_needle_blob(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::WriteNeedleBlobRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::WriteNeedleBlobResponse>, Status> {
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let needle_id = NeedleId(req.needle_id);
        let size = Size(req.size);

        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        let (_, vol) = store
            .find_volume_mut(vid)
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;

        vol.write_needle_blob_and_index(needle_id, &req.needle_blob, size)
            .map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!(
                    "write blob needle {} size {}: {}",
                    needle_id.0, size.0, e
                ))
            })?;

        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::WriteNeedleBlobResponse {}))
    }

    type ReadAllNeedlesStream = BoxStream<volume_server_pb::ReadAllNeedlesResponse>;
    async fn read_all_needles(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::ReadAllNeedlesRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::ReadAllNeedlesStream>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let state = self.state.clone();

        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(32);

        // Stream needles lazily via a blocking task (matches Go's scanner pattern)
        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            let store = state.store.read().unwrap();
            for &raw_vid in &req.volume_ids {
                let vid = VolumeId(raw_vid);
                let v = match store.find_volume(vid) {
                    Some((_, v)) => v,
                    None => {
                        let _ = tx.blocking_send(Err(Status::not_found(format!(
                            "not found volume id {}",
                            vid
                        ))));
                        return;
                    }
                };

                let needles = match v.read_all_needles() {
                    Ok(n) => n,
                    Err(e) => {
                        let _ = tx.blocking_send(Err(Status::internal(e.to_string())));
                        return;
                    }
                };

                for n in needles {
                    let compressed = n.is_compressed();
                    if tx
                        .blocking_send(Ok(volume_server_pb::ReadAllNeedlesResponse {
                            volume_id: raw_vid,
                            needle_id: n.id.into(),
                            cookie: n.cookie.0,
                            needle_blob: n.data,
                            needle_blob_compressed: compressed,
                            last_modified: n.last_modified,
                            crc: n.checksum.0,
                            name: n.name,
                            mime: n.mime,
                        }))
                        .is_err()
                    {
                        return; // receiver dropped
                    }
                }
            }
        });

        let stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream::new(rx);
        Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)))
    }

    type VolumeTailSenderStream = BoxStream<volume_server_pb::VolumeTailSenderResponse>;
    async fn volume_tail_sender(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeTailSenderRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::VolumeTailSenderStream>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        let (version, sb_size) = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, vol) = store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;
            (vol.version().0 as u32, vol.super_block.block_size() as u64)
        };

        let state = self.state.clone();
        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(32);
        const BUFFER_SIZE_LIMIT: usize = 2 * 1024 * 1024;

        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let since_ns = req.since_ns;
            let idle_timeout = req.idle_timeout_seconds;
            let mut last_timestamp_ns = since_ns;
            let mut draining_seconds = idle_timeout as i64;

            loop {
                // Resolve the start offset and the caught-up flag under one
                // store read guard. is_last means the caller is caught up: send
                // a heartbeat without scanning, as Go does. Dropping that flag
                // re-reads the whole volume every iteration (a moved volume is
                // read-only, so it is always caught up). The single guard
                // spans both the search and the scan: a vacuum commit takes
                // the store write lock and rewrites .dat/.idx, so an offset
                // resolved under one guard would point into a different file
                // under the next.
                let resolved = {
                    let store = state.store.read().unwrap();
                    match store.find_volume(vid) {
                        Some((_, vol)) => {
                            let start = if last_timestamp_ns > 0 {
                                match vol.binary_search_by_append_at_ns(last_timestamp_ns) {
                                    Ok((offset, is_last)) => {
                                        let off = if offset.is_zero() {
                                            sb_size
                                        } else {
                                            offset.to_actual_offset() as u64
                                        };
                                        Ok((off, is_last))
                                    }
                                    Err(e) => {
                                        tracing::warn!(
                                            "fail to locate by appendAtNs {}: {}",
                                            last_timestamp_ns,
                                            e
                                        );
                                        Err(format!(
                                            "fail to locate by appendAtNs {}: {}",
                                            last_timestamp_ns, e
                                        ))
                                    }
                                }
                            } else {
                                // No timestamp yet: the caller wants everything.
                                Ok((sb_size, false))
                            };
                            Some(start.map(|(off, is_last)| {
                                if is_last {
                                    None
                                } else {
                                    Some(vol.scan_raw_needles_from(off))
                                }
                            }))
                        }
                        None => None,
                    }
                };

                let scan_result = match resolved {
                    None => break,
                    Some(Err(msg)) => {
                        let _ = tx.send(Err(Status::internal(msg))).await;
                        return;
                    }
                    Some(Ok(scan_result)) => scan_result,
                };

                // Caught up: heartbeat WITHOUT scanning, as Go does.
                let Some(scan_result) = scan_result else {
                    let msg = volume_server_pb::VolumeTailSenderResponse {
                        is_last_chunk: true,
                        version,
                        ..Default::default()
                    };
                    if tx.send(Ok(msg)).await.is_err() {
                        return;
                    }
                    tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
                    if idle_timeout == 0 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    draining_seconds -= 1;
                    if draining_seconds <= 0 {
                        return; // EOF
                    }
                    continue;
                };

                let entries = match scan_result {
                    Ok(e) => e,
                    Err(_) => break,
                };
                // Filter entries since last_timestamp_ns
                let mut last_processed_ns = last_timestamp_ns;
                let mut sent_any = false;
                for (header, body, append_at_ns) in &entries {
                    if *append_at_ns <= last_timestamp_ns && last_timestamp_ns > 0 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    sent_any = true;
                    // Send body in chunks of BUFFER_SIZE_LIMIT
                    // Go sends needle_header on every chunk
                    let mut i = 0;
                    while i < body.len() {
                        let end = std::cmp::min(i + BUFFER_SIZE_LIMIT, body.len());
                        let is_last_chunk = end >= body.len();
                        let msg = volume_server_pb::VolumeTailSenderResponse {
                            needle_header: header.clone(),
                            needle_body: body[i..end].to_vec(),
                            is_last_chunk,
                            version,
                        };
                        if tx.send(Ok(msg)).await.is_err() {
                            return;
                        }
                        i = end;
                    }
                    if *append_at_ns > last_processed_ns {
                        last_processed_ns = *append_at_ns;
                    }
                }

                if !sent_any {
                    // Send heartbeat
                    let msg = volume_server_pb::VolumeTailSenderResponse {
                        is_last_chunk: true,
                        version,
                        ..Default::default()
                    };
                    if tx.send(Ok(msg)).await.is_err() {
                        return;
                    }
                }

                tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2)).await;

                if idle_timeout == 0 {
                    last_timestamp_ns = last_processed_ns;
                    continue;
                }
                if last_processed_ns == last_timestamp_ns {
                    draining_seconds -= 1;
                    if draining_seconds <= 0 {
                        return; // EOF
                    }
                } else {
                    last_timestamp_ns = last_processed_ns;
                    draining_seconds = idle_timeout as i64;
                }
            }
        });

        let stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream::new(rx);
        Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)))
    }

    async fn volume_tail_receiver(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeTailReceiverRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeTailReceiverResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Check volume exists
        {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            store.find_volume(vid).ok_or_else(|| {
                Status::not_found(format!("receiver not found volume id {}", vid))
            })?;
        }

        // Parse source address and connect
        let source = &req.source_volume_server;
        let grpc_addr = parse_grpc_address(source)
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("invalid source address {}: {}", source, e)))?;

        let channel = build_grpc_endpoint(&grpc_addr, self.state.outgoing_grpc_tls.as_ref())
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("parse source: {}", e)))?
            .connect()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("connect to {}: {}", grpc_addr, e)))?;

        let mut client =
            volume_server_pb::volume_server_client::VolumeServerClient::with_interceptor(
                channel,
                super::request_id::outgoing_request_id_interceptor,
            )
            .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
            .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE);

        // Call VolumeTailSender on source
        let mut stream = client
            .volume_tail_sender(volume_server_pb::VolumeTailSenderRequest {
                volume_id: req.volume_id,
                since_ns: req.since_ns,
                idle_timeout_seconds: req.idle_timeout_seconds,
            })
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("volume_tail_sender: {}", e)))?
            .into_inner();

        let state = self.state.clone();

        // Receive needles from source and write locally
        while let Some(resp) = stream
            .message()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("recv from tail sender: {}", e)))?
        {
            let needle_header = resp.needle_header;
            let mut needle_body = resp.needle_body;
            let resp_version = resp.version;

            if needle_header.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }

            // Collect all chunks if not last
            if !resp.is_last_chunk {
                // Need to receive remaining chunks
                loop {
                    let chunk = stream
                        .message()
                        .await
                        .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("recv chunk: {}", e)))?
                        .ok_or_else(|| Status::internal("unexpected end of tail stream"))?;
                    needle_body.extend_from_slice(&chunk.needle_body);
                    if chunk.is_last_chunk {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            // Parse needle from header + body
            let mut n = Needle::default();
            n.read_header(&needle_header);

            if n.size.0 < 0 {
                return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                    "unexpected negative needle size {} for needle {}",
                    n.size.0, n.id.0
                )));
            } else if n.size.0 > 0 {
                // Normal needle: parse the body fields (DataSize, Data, flags, etc.)
                n.read_body_v2(&needle_body)
                    .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("parse needle body: {}", e)))?;
            } else {
                // Delete tombstone (size == 0): body is checksum + timestamp
                // (V3) or checksum only (V2) + padding. Validate minimum
                // footer length for the protocol version.
                use crate::storage::types::{
                    Version, NEEDLE_CHECKSUM_SIZE, TIMESTAMP_SIZE, VERSION_3,
                };
                let version = Version(resp_version as u8);
                let min_footer = if version >= VERSION_3 {
                    NEEDLE_CHECKSUM_SIZE + TIMESTAMP_SIZE
                } else {
                    NEEDLE_CHECKSUM_SIZE
                };
                if needle_body.len() < min_footer {
                    return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                        "tombstone needle {} body too short: got {} bytes, need >= {} for version {}",
                        n.id.0, needle_body.len(), min_footer, resp_version
                    )));
                }
            }

            // Write needle to local volume
            let mut store = state.store.write().unwrap();
            store
                .write_volume_needle(vid, &mut n, false)
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("write needle: {}", e)))?;
        }

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeTailReceiverResponse {},
        ))
    }

    // ---- EC operations ----

    async fn volume_ec_shards_generate(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsGenerateRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsGenerateResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let collection = &req.collection;

        // Find the volume's directory and validate collection
        let (dir, idx_dir, vol_version, dat_file_size, expire_at_sec) = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (loc_idx, vol) = store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("volume {} not found", vid)))?;
            if vol.collection != req.collection {
                return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                    "existing collection:{} unexpected input: {}",
                    vol.collection, req.collection
                )));
            }
            let version = vol.version().0 as u32;
            let dat_size = vol.dat_file_size().unwrap_or(0) as i64;
            let expire_at_sec = vol.expire_at_sec();
            (
                store.locations[loc_idx].directory.clone(),
                store.locations[loc_idx].idx_directory.clone(),
                version,
                dat_size,
                expire_at_sec,
            )
        };

        // Check existing .vif for EC shard config (matching Go's MaybeLoadVolumeInfo).
        // The block size is recomputed by the encode for the current .dat, so
        // only the ratio is carried over from a prior config.
        let (data_shards, parity_shards, _) =
            crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_volume::read_ec_shard_config(
                &dir, &idx_dir, collection, vid,
            )
            .map_err(|e| {
                tonic::Status::internal(format!("read ec shard config for volume {}: {}", vid.0, e))
            })?;

        let block_size = match crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_encoder::write_ec_files(
            &dir,
            &idx_dir,
            collection,
            vid,
            data_shards as usize,
            parity_shards as usize,
        ) {
            Ok(block_size) => block_size,
            Err(e) => {
                // Cleanup partially-created .ecNN and .ecx files on failure (matching Go defer)
                let base = crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&dir, collection, vid);
                let total_shards = data_shards + parity_shards;
                for i in 0..total_shards {
                    let shard_path = format!("{}.ec{:02}", base, i);
                    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&shard_path);
                }
                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(format!("{}.ecx", base));
                return Err(Status::internal(e.to_string()));
            }
        };

        // Write .vif file with EC shard metadata
        {
            let base = crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&dir, collection, vid);
            let vif_path = format!("{}.vif", base);
            let vif = crate::storage::volume::VifVolumeInfo {
                version: vol_version,
                dat_file_size,
                expire_at_sec,
                ec_shard_config: Some(crate::storage::volume::VifEcShardConfig {
                    data_shards,
                    parity_shards,
                    // This run's identity; the read path rejects a shard from a
                    // different encode run.
                    encode_ts_ns: std::time::SystemTime::now()
                        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
                        .unwrap_or_default()
                        .as_nanos() as i64,
                    block_size,
                }),
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let content = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&vif)
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("serialize vif: {}", e)))?;
            std::fs::write(&vif_path, content)
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("write vif: {}", e)))?;
        }

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsGenerateResponse {},
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_ec_shards_rebuild(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsRebuildRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsRebuildResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let collection = &req.collection;

        // Search ALL locations for shards, pick the best rebuild location
        // (most shards + has .ecx), collect additional dirs.
        // Matches Go's multi-location search in VolumeEcShardsRebuild.
        let base_name = if collection.is_empty() {
            format!("{}", vid.0)
        } else {
            format!("{}_{}", collection, vid.0)
        };

        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let mut loc_infos: Vec<LocInfo> = Vec::new();

        for loc in &store.locations {
            // Count shards in this location's directory
            let mut shard_count = 0usize;
            if let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(&loc.directory) {
                for entry in entries.flatten() {
                    let name = entry.file_name();
                    let name = name.to_string_lossy();
                    if name.starts_with(&format!("{}.ec", base_name)) {
                        let suffix = &name[base_name.len() + 3..];
                        if suffix.len() == 2 && suffix.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
                            shard_count += 1;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            // Check for .ecx in idx_directory first, then data directory
            let idx_base = format!("{}/{}", loc.idx_directory, base_name);
            let data_base = format!("{}/{}", loc.directory, base_name);
            let has_ecx = std::path::Path::new(&format!("{}.ecx", idx_base)).exists()
                || (loc.idx_directory != loc.directory
                    && std::path::Path::new(&format!("{}.ecx", data_base)).exists());

            if shard_count == 0 && !has_ecx {
                continue;
            }

            loc_infos.push(LocInfo {
                dir: loc.directory.clone(),
                idx_dir: loc.idx_directory.clone(),
                shard_count,
                has_ecx,
            });
        }
        drop(store);

        if loc_infos.is_empty() {
            return Ok(Response::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsRebuildResponse {
                    rebuilt_shard_ids: vec![],
                },
            ));
        }

        let (rebuild_loc_idx, other_dirs) = match select_rebuild_location(&loc_infos) {
            Some(picked) => picked,
            None => {
                return Ok(Response::new(
                    volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsRebuildResponse {
                        rebuilt_shard_ids: vec![],
                    },
                ));
            }
        };

        let rebuild_dir = loc_infos[rebuild_loc_idx].dir.clone();
        let rebuild_idx_dir = loc_infos[rebuild_loc_idx].idx_dir.clone();

        // Determine data/parity shard config from rebuild dir
        // The encode-time .dat size resolves the row count the ecx rebuild
        // de-stripes with; 0 leaves it to infer from the padded shard extent.
        // Both lookups search the sibling disks too: the rebuild writes into one
        // location, but a multi-disk server may keep this volume's .vif or its
        // generation-0 .ecsum on another, and defaulting to 10+4 with the
        // legacy layout would reconstruct through the wrong matrix.
        let dat_file_size = crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_volume::load_vif_info_across_dirs(
            &rebuild_dir,
            &rebuild_idx_dir,
            &other_dirs,
            collection,
            vid,
        )
        .ok()
        .flatten()
        .map(|(v, _)| v.dat_file_size)
        .unwrap_or(0);
        let (data_shards, parity_shards, block_size) =
            crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_volume::read_ec_shard_config_across_dirs(
                &rebuild_dir,
                &rebuild_idx_dir,
                &other_dirs,
                collection,
                vid,
            )
            .map_err(|e| {
                tonic::Status::internal(format!("read ec shard config for volume {}: {}", vid.0, e))
            })?;
        let total_shards = data_shards + parity_shards;

        // Check which shards are missing (check rebuild dir and all other dirs)
        let mut missing: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
        for shard_id in 0..total_shards as u8 {
            let shard = crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_shard::EcVolumeShard::new(
                &rebuild_dir,
                collection,
                vid,
                shard_id,
            );
            let mut found = std::path::Path::new(&shard.file_name()).exists();
            if !found {
                for other_dir in &other_dirs {
                    let other_shard = crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_shard::EcVolumeShard::new(
                        other_dir, collection, vid, shard_id,
                    );
                    if std::path::Path::new(&other_shard.file_name()).exists() {
                        found = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            if !found {
                missing.push(shard_id as u32);
            }
        }

        if missing.is_empty() {
            return Ok(Response::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsRebuildResponse {
                    rebuilt_shard_ids: vec![],
                },
            ));
        }

        // Rebuild missing shards, searching all locations for input shards.
        // Pass other_dirs so shards on sibling disks are found even when the
        // primary rebuild dir doesn't hold them. This one takes a single flat
        // list — the shape Go's RebuildEcFiles uses — so unlike the resolvers
        // above it cannot be handed the rebuild's own index directory
        // separately, and a split -dir/-dir.idx location keeps its .ecx and
        // .vif there. Go's additionalDirs carries that directory for the same
        // reason.
        let mut rebuild_search_dirs: Vec<String> = other_dirs.clone();
        if !rebuild_idx_dir.is_empty() && rebuild_idx_dir != rebuild_dir {
            rebuild_search_dirs.push(rebuild_idx_dir.clone());
        }
        let other_dir_refs: Vec<&str> = rebuild_search_dirs.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
        crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_encoder::rebuild_ec_files(
            &rebuild_dir,
            collection,
            vid,
            &missing,
            data_shards as usize,
            parity_shards as usize,
            &other_dir_refs,
        )
        .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("RebuildEcFiles: {}", e)))?;

        // Rebuild .ecx; use idx_directory with fallback to data directory
        let ecx_base = format!("{}/{}", rebuild_idx_dir, base_name);
        let ecx_rebuild_dir = if std::path::Path::new(&format!("{}.ecx", ecx_base)).exists() {
            rebuild_idx_dir
        } else if rebuild_idx_dir != rebuild_dir {
            rebuild_dir.clone()
        } else {
            rebuild_idx_dir
        };

        // .ecx may live in a different directory than the data shards (split
        // data/idx layout). Ensure rebuild_dir is searchable for data shards
        // even when it isn't the chosen .ecx rebuild directory and isn't
        // already covered by other_dir_refs.
        let mut ecx_dir_refs: Vec<&str> =
            Vec::with_capacity(other_dir_refs.len() + usize::from(ecx_rebuild_dir != rebuild_dir));
        if ecx_rebuild_dir != rebuild_dir {
            ecx_dir_refs.push(rebuild_dir.as_str());
        }
        ecx_dir_refs.extend(other_dir_refs.iter().copied());

        crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_encoder::rebuild_ecx_file(
            &ecx_rebuild_dir,
            collection,
            vid,
            data_shards as usize,
            block_size,
            dat_file_size,
            &ecx_dir_refs,
        )
        .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("RebuildEcxFile: {}", e)))?;

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsRebuildResponse {
                rebuilt_shard_ids: missing,
            },
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_ec_shards_copy(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsCopyRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsCopyResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Select target location:
        //   When disk_id > 0: use that specific location.
        //   When disk_id == 0 (unset): auto-select via
        //   find_ec_shard_target_location, which prefers a disk that
        //   already owns one of the shards being copied (a retried move
        //   must overwrite in place, not leave two disks of this server
        //   claiming the same shard), then a disk that already has the EC
        //   volume mounted, then a disk that owns the .ecx on disk (volume
        //   not yet mounted — relevant for ec.rebuild, where only the
        //   first shard carries .ecx and subsequent shards must land on
        //   the same disk; see #9212), then any HDD, then any disk. Pass
        //   the build's default data-shard count; the helper takes it as a
        //   parameter so custom-ratio builds can swap it.
        let (dest_dir, dest_idx_dir) = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let count = store.locations.len();

            if req.disk_id > 0 {
                // Explicit disk selection
                if (req.disk_id as usize) >= count {
                    return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                        "invalid disk_id {}: only have {} disks",
                        req.disk_id, count
                    )));
                }
                let loc = &store.locations[req.disk_id as usize];
                (loc.directory.clone(), loc.idx_directory.clone())
            } else {
                // A batch whose requested shards are already owned by
                // different local disks has no single correct destination:
                // writing them all to one disk would duplicate the other
                // disks' claims. Refuse so the caller splits the batch per
                // shard (or chooses explicitly via disk_id).
                let owners = store.ec_shard_owner_disks(vid, &req.shard_ids);
                if owners.len() > 1 {
                    let dirs: Vec<&str> = owners
                        .iter()
                        .map(|&i| store.locations[i].directory.as_str())
                        .collect();
                    return Err(Status::failed_precondition(format!(
                        "volume {} shards {:?} are already owned by multiple local disks {:?}: no single destination; copy per shard or pass disk_id",
                        req.volume_id, req.shard_ids, dirs
                    )));
                }
                match store.find_ec_shard_target_location(
                    &req.collection,
                    vid,
                    DATA_SHARDS_COUNT as u32,
                    &req.shard_ids,
                ) {
                    Some(i) => {
                        let loc = &store.locations[i];
                        (loc.directory.clone(), loc.idx_directory.clone())
                    }
                    None => {
                        return Err(Status::internal("no space left".to_string()));
                    }
                }
            }
        };

        // Connect to source and copy shard files via CopyFile
        let source = &req.source_data_node;
        let grpc_addr = parse_grpc_address(source).map_err(|e| {
            Status::internal(format!(
                "VolumeEcShardsCopy volume {} invalid source_data_node {}: {}",
                vid, source, e
            ))
        })?;

        let channel = build_grpc_endpoint(&grpc_addr, self.state.outgoing_grpc_tls.as_ref())
            .map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!(
                    "VolumeEcShardsCopy volume {} parse source: {}",
                    vid, e
                ))
            })?
            .connect()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!(
                    "VolumeEcShardsCopy volume {} connect to {}: {}",
                    vid, grpc_addr, e
                ))
            })?;

        let mut client =
            volume_server_pb::volume_server_client::VolumeServerClient::with_interceptor(
                channel,
                super::request_id::outgoing_request_id_interceptor,
            )
            .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
            .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE);

        // Copy each shard
        for &shard_id in &req.shard_ids {
            let ext = format!(".ec{:02}", shard_id);
            let copy_req = volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: req.volume_id,
                collection: req.collection.clone(),
                is_ec_volume: true,
                ext: ext.clone(),
                compaction_revision: u32::MAX,
                stop_offset: i64::MAX as u64,
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let mut stream = client
                .copy_file(copy_req)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| {
                    Status::internal(format!(
                        "VolumeEcShardsCopy volume {} copy {}: {}",
                        vid, ext, e
                    ))
                })?
                .into_inner();

            let file_path = {
                let base =
                    crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&dest_dir, &req.collection, vid);
                format!("{}{}", base, ext)
            };
            let file = tokio::fs::File::create(&file_path)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("create {}: {}", file_path, e)))?;
            drain_copy_stream_to_file(&mut stream, file, &file_path, &ext).await?;
        }

        // Copy .ecx file if requested
        if req.copy_ecx_file {
            let copy_req = volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: req.volume_id,
                collection: req.collection.clone(),
                is_ec_volume: true,
                ext: ".ecx".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: u32::MAX,
                stop_offset: i64::MAX as u64,
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let mut stream = client
                .copy_file(copy_req)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| {
                    Status::internal(format!(
                        "VolumeEcShardsCopy volume {} copy .ecx: {}",
                        vid, e
                    ))
                })?
                .into_inner();

            let file_path = {
                let base =
                    crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&dest_idx_dir, &req.collection, vid);
                format!("{}.ecx", base)
            };
            let file = tokio::fs::File::create(&file_path)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("create {}: {}", file_path, e)))?;
            drain_copy_stream_to_file(&mut stream, file, &file_path, ".ecx").await?;
        }

        // Copy .ecj file if requested
        if req.copy_ecj_file {
            let copy_req = volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: req.volume_id,
                collection: req.collection.clone(),
                is_ec_volume: true,
                ext: ".ecj".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: u32::MAX,
                stop_offset: i64::MAX as u64,
                ignore_source_file_not_found: true,
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let mut stream = client
                .copy_file(copy_req)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| {
                    Status::internal(format!(
                        "VolumeEcShardsCopy volume {} copy .ecj: {}",
                        vid, e
                    ))
                })?
                .into_inner();

            let file_path = {
                let base =
                    crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&dest_idx_dir, &req.collection, vid);
                format!("{}.ecj", base)
            };
            let file = tokio::fs::OpenOptions::new()
                .create(true)
                .append(true)
                .open(&file_path)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("create {}: {}", file_path, e)))?;
            drain_copy_stream_to_file(&mut stream, file, &file_path, ".ecj").await?;
        }

        // Copy .vif file if requested
        if req.copy_vif_file {
            let copy_req = volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: req.volume_id,
                collection: req.collection.clone(),
                is_ec_volume: true,
                ext: ".vif".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: u32::MAX,
                stop_offset: i64::MAX as u64,
                ignore_source_file_not_found: true,
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let mut stream = client
                .copy_file(copy_req)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| {
                    Status::internal(format!(
                        "VolumeEcShardsCopy volume {} copy .vif: {}",
                        vid, e
                    ))
                })?
                .into_inner();

            let file_path = {
                let base =
                    crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&dest_dir, &req.collection, vid);
                format!("{}.vif", base)
            };
            let file = tokio::fs::File::create(&file_path)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("create {}: {}", file_path, e)))?;
            drain_copy_stream_to_file(&mut stream, file, &file_path, ".vif").await?;
        }

        // Copy the generation-0 bitrot checksum sidecar (.ecsum) when requested, so
        // protection travels with the shards. Tolerant of a missing source (no-op):
        // this non-2PC path has no Prepare backstop, and an unprotected source
        // simply leaves the copy unprotected.
        if req.copy_ecsum_file {
            let copy_req = volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: req.volume_id,
                collection: req.collection.clone(),
                is_ec_volume: true,
                ext: ".ecsum".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: u32::MAX,
                stop_offset: i64::MAX as u64,
                ignore_source_file_not_found: true,
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let mut stream = client
                .copy_file(copy_req)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| {
                    Status::internal(format!(
                        "VolumeEcShardsCopy volume {} copy .ecsum: {}",
                        vid, e
                    ))
                })?
                .into_inner();

            let file_path = {
                let base =
                    crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(&dest_dir, &req.collection, vid);
                format!("{}.ecsum", base)
            };
            let file = tokio::fs::File::create(&file_path)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("create {}: {}", file_path, e)))?;
            let written =
                drain_copy_stream_to_file(&mut stream, file, &file_path, ".ecsum").await?;
            // A missing source yields an empty stream; drop the 0-byte file so mount
            // sees no sidecar (protection Off) rather than a truncated/invalid one.
            // (drain_copy_stream_to_file has already closed the file on return.)
            if written == 0 {
                let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(&file_path).await;
            }
        }

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsCopyResponse {},
        ))
    }

    /// Allowed in maintenance mode: like `volume_delete` it only removes data, and
    /// evacuating EC shards off a server in maintenance mode ends here (issue #11066).
    async fn volume_ec_shards_delete(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsDeleteRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsDeleteResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        if req.full_teardown {
            if req.encode_ts_ns == 0 {
                // Blanket teardown (shell pre-encode cleanup / pre-upgrade caller): evict
                // the volume and wipe every EC artifact for it on every disk, not just the
                // listed shards, so a remote node retains no stale generation a fresh copy
                // collides with. Echo the acknowledgement so the caller can tell a
                // pre-upgrade server apart.
                {
                    let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
                    let _ = store.remove_ec_volume(vid);
                    for loc in &store.locations {
                        loc.remove_ec_volume_files_full_teardown(&req.collection, vid)
                            .map_err(|e| {
                                Status::internal(format!(
                                    "full teardown of ec volume {}: {}",
                                    req.volume_id, e
                                ))
                            })?;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                // Generation-fenced teardown (stale-worker pre-distribute cleanup): wipe
                // only a disk whose .vif generation is strictly OLDER than the request;
                // preserve same-or-newer, generation 0 (recovered/pre-upgrade live volume),
                // and an unreadable .vif, so a stale run never wipes a newer run's live
                // shards. Unload and remove only the strictly-older disks, never node-wide.
                let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
                for disk_id in 0..store.locations.len() {
                    let disk_gen =
                        store.locations[disk_id].ec_generation_ts_ns(&req.collection, vid);
                    let older = matches!(disk_gen, Some(g) if g > 0 && g < req.encode_ts_ns);
                    if !older {
                        tracing::info!(
                            volume_id = vid.0,
                            disk_id,
                            ?disk_gen,
                            req = req.encode_ts_ns,
                            "ec full teardown preserved: generation not older than request"
                        );
                        continue;
                    }
                    store.locations[disk_id].remove_ec_volume(vid);
                    store.locations[disk_id]
                        .remove_ec_volume_files_full_teardown(&req.collection, vid)
                        .map_err(|e| {
                            Status::internal(format!(
                                "fenced teardown of ec volume {}: {}",
                                req.volume_id, e
                            ))
                        })?;
                }
            }
            self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
            return Ok(Response::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsDeleteResponse {
                    full_teardown_done: true,
                },
            ));
        }

        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        store.delete_ec_shards(vid, &req.collection, &req.shard_ids);
        drop(store);
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsDeleteResponse {
                full_teardown_done: false,
            },
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_ec_shards_mount(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsMountRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsMountResponse>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Fetch a missing .ecx from a peer first so on-disk shards that never had
        // a local index can be mounted (issue #10104). Driven on demand by
        // ec.rebuild. volume_id 0 recovers every orphan on this server, including
        // volumes the master never learned about.
        if req.recover_missing_index {
            crate::server::store_ec::recover_missing_ec_indexes(&self.state, req.volume_id).await;
        }

        // Mount one shard at a time, returning error on first failure.
        // Matches Go: for _, shardId := range req.ShardIds { err = vs.store.MountEcShards(...) }
        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        for &shard_id in &req.shard_ids {
            store
                .mount_ec_shard(vid, &req.collection, shard_id, &req.source_disk_type)
                .map_err(|e| {
                    Status::internal(format!("mount {}.{}: {}", req.volume_id, shard_id, e))
                })?;
        }
        // A delivery can bring the checksum manifest alongside the shards, but
        // the receive path only writes the file. When this server already had
        // the volume mounted, the EcVolume in memory keeps whatever protection
        // state it resolved at mount — off, for a volume whose sidecar arrives
        // now — until a remount. Re-resolve it here, where the shards it
        // describes have just been added.
        //
        // Every per-disk runtime, not just the first: a vid mounts as one
        // EcVolume per disk, the delivery lands the .ecsum on one of them, and
        // the first-match lookup would leave the siblings reporting no
        // protection. Each re-resolves against its own data and index
        // directories, so a shared -dir.idx reaches all of them.
        // Resolving across every EC metadata directory is what makes that
        // reload mean something: startup mirroring gives each shard-bearing
        // disk its own .ecx/.ecj/.vif but deliberately not the sidecar, so a
        // runtime restricted to its own two directories would find nothing
        // however often it reloaded. One delivered copy, reachable from all.
        let ec_metadata_dirs = store.ec_metadata_dirs();
        for ec_vol in store.find_all_ec_volumes_mut(vid) {
            ec_vol.reload_bitrot_sidecar(&ec_metadata_dirs);
        }
        drop(store);
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsMountResponse {},
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_ec_shards_unmount(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsUnmountRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsUnmountResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Unmount one shard at a time, returning error on first failure.
        // Matches Go: for _, shardId := range req.ShardIds { err = vs.store.UnmountEcShards(...) }
        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        for &shard_id in &req.shard_ids {
            store
                .unmount_ec_shard(vid, shard_id, req.encode_ts_ns)
                .map_err(|e| {
                    Status::internal(format!("unmount {}.{}: {}", req.volume_id, shard_id, e))
                })?;
        }
        drop(store);
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsUnmountResponse {},
        ))
    }

    type VolumeEcShardReadStream = BoxStream<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardReadResponse>;
    async fn volume_ec_shard_read(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardReadRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::VolumeEcShardReadStream>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        // Reconciled EC volumes can have their shards split across
        // disks (e.g. shards 0/12 on disk 0, shard 1 on disk 1), so
        // resolve the EcVolume from the *shard*'s home location
        // rather than first-match `find_ec_volume(vid)` which would
        // miss shards that live on a sibling. Mirrors Go's findEcShard.
        let ec_vol = store
            .find_ec_volume_with_shard(vid, req.shard_id)
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                Status::not_found(format!(
                    "ec volume {} shard {} not found",
                    req.volume_id, req.shard_id
                ))
            })?;

        // Reject a shard whose identity doesn't match the caller's index; the caller
        // then recovers from parity. Lenient only when the caller has no identity
        // (pre-upgrade reader): a known caller must not accept an unstamped holder,
        // which would serve a stale shard from a different encode run.
        if req.encode_ts_ns != 0 && req.encode_ts_ns != ec_vol.encode_ts_ns {
            return Err(Status::failed_precondition(format!(
                "ec shard {}.{} belongs to a different encode run",
                req.volume_id, req.shard_id
            )));
        }

        // Identity of the shard actually served, echoed on every response chunk so
        // the client can reject a different encode run even from a pre-upgrade server.
        let served_encode_ts_ns = ec_vol.encode_ts_ns;

        // Check if the requested needle is deleted (via .ecx index, matching Go)
        if req.file_key > 0 {
            let needle_id = NeedleId(req.file_key);
            if let Some((_offset, size)) = ec_vol
                .find_needle_from_ecx(needle_id)
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?
                && size.is_deleted()
            {
                let results = vec![Ok(volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardReadResponse {
                    is_deleted: true,
                    encode_ts_ns: served_encode_ts_ns,
                    ..Default::default()
                })];
                return Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(tokio_stream::iter(results))));
            }
        }

        // Read from the shard. Guaranteed to be present because
        // find_ec_volume_with_shard already verified it.
        let shard = ec_vol
            .shards
            .get(req.shard_id as usize)
            .and_then(|s| s.as_ref())
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                Status::not_found(format!(
                    "ec volume {} shard {} not mounted",
                    req.volume_id, req.shard_id
                ))
            })?;

        let total_size = if req.size > 0 {
            req.size as usize
        } else {
            1024 * 1024
        };

        // Stream in 2MB chunks (matching Go's BufferSizeLimit)
        const BUFFER_SIZE_LIMIT: usize = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
        let mut results: Vec<Result<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardReadResponse, Status>> =
            Vec::new();
        let mut bytes_read: usize = 0;
        let mut current_offset = req.offset as u64;

        while bytes_read < total_size {
            let chunk_size = std::cmp::min(BUFFER_SIZE_LIMIT, total_size - bytes_read);
            let mut buf = vec![0u8; chunk_size];
            let n = match shard.read_at(&mut buf, current_offset) {
                Ok(n) => n,
                Err(e) => {
                    ec_vol.check_read_write_error(Some(&e));
                    return Err(Status::internal(e.to_string()));
                }
            };
            ec_vol.check_read_write_error(None);
            if n == 0 {
                break;
            }
            buf.truncate(n);
            bytes_read += n;
            current_offset += n as u64;
            results.push(Ok(volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardReadResponse {
                data: buf,
                is_deleted: false,
                encode_ts_ns: served_encode_ts_ns,
            }));
            if n < chunk_size {
                break; // short read means EOF
            }
        }

        Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(tokio_stream::iter(results))))
    }

    async fn volume_ec_blob_delete(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcBlobDeleteRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcBlobDeleteResponse>, Status> {
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let needle_id = NeedleId(req.file_key);

        // Go checks if needle is already deleted (via ecx) before journaling.
        // Search all locations for the EC volume.
        let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
        if let Some(ec_vol) = store.find_ec_volume_mut(vid) {
            // Check if already deleted via ecx index
            if let Ok(Some((_offset, size))) = ec_vol.find_needle_from_ecx(needle_id)
                && size.is_deleted()
            {
                // Already deleted, no-op
                return Ok(Response::new(
                    volume_server_pb::VolumeEcBlobDeleteResponse {},
                ));
            }
            ec_vol
                .journal_delete(needle_id)
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?;
        }
        // If EC volume not mounted, it's a no-op (matching Go behavior)
        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcBlobDeleteResponse {},
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_ec_shards_to_volume(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsToVolumeRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsToVolumeResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Staged mode: the caller decoded off-box and streamed the normal volume
        // here as <base><ext>.copying (ReceiveFile staged-new-volume mode). Adopt
        // those files as a normal volume — rename .copying into place under a .note
        // marker, then mount. This server holds no EC shards for the vid, so there
        // is no in-place decode to run.
        if req.from_staged {
            let want = DiskType::from_string(&req.disk_type);
            let base = {
                let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
                if store.has_volume(vid) {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "staged volume {} already exists on this server",
                        req.volume_id
                    )));
                }
                let mut base: Option<String> = None;
                for loc in store.locations.iter() {
                    if loc.disk_type != want {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let candidate = if req.collection.is_empty() {
                        format!("{}/{}", loc.directory, req.volume_id)
                    } else {
                        format!("{}/{}_{}", loc.directory, req.collection, req.volume_id)
                    };
                    if std::path::Path::new(&format!("{}.dat.copying", candidate)).exists() {
                        base = Some(candidate);
                        break;
                    }
                }
                base
            }
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                Status::not_found(format!(
                    "staged volume {}: no .dat.copying found on a {} disk",
                    req.volume_id, req.disk_type
                ))
            })?;

            for ext in [".dat", ".idx", ".vif"] {
                if !std::path::Path::new(&format!("{}{}.copying", base, ext)).exists() {
                    return Err(Status::not_found(format!(
                        "staged volume {} missing {}.copying",
                        req.volume_id, ext
                    )));
                }
            }

            // .note in-progress marker (VolumeCopy discipline): a crash mid-rename
            // leaves a .note that fails the load and sweeps the partial volume.
            let note = format!("{}.note", base);
            std::fs::write(&note, format!("adopting decoded volume {}", req.volume_id))
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("write .note: {}", e)))?;

            // Rename staged files into place, then drop the .note before mounting —
            // a volume that still carries a .note is swept by the load scan.
            for ext in [".vif", ".dat", ".idx"] {
                let src = format!("{}{}.copying", base, ext);
                let dst = format!("{}{}", base, ext);
                if let Err(e) = std::fs::rename(&src, &dst) {
                    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&note);
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!("rename staged {}: {}", ext, e)));
                }
            }
            let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&note);

            {
                let mut store = self.state.store.write().unwrap();
                store
                    .mount_volume_by_id(vid, Some(req.collection.as_str()))
                    .map_err(|e| {
                        Status::internal(format!("mount staged volume {}: {}", req.volume_id, e))
                    })?;
            }
            self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
            tracing::info!(
                "volume_ec_shards_to_volume: adopted decoded volume {} from staging ({})",
                req.volume_id,
                base
            );
            return Ok(Response::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsToVolumeResponse {},
            ));
        }

        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        // Aggregate per-shard data dirs across all locations so the
        // shard-presence check + decoder both see the union for
        // cross-disk reconciled volumes (#9252). Mirrors Go's
        // CollectEcShards.
        let max_shard_count = crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_shard::MAX_SHARD_COUNT;
        let (ec_vol, shard_dirs) = store
            .collect_ec_shard_dirs(vid, max_shard_count)
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("ec volume {} not found", req.volume_id)))?;

        if ec_vol.collection != req.collection {
            return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                "existing collection:{} unexpected input: {}",
                ec_vol.collection, req.collection
            )));
        }

        // Use EC context data shard count from the volume
        let data_shards = ec_vol.data_shards as usize;

        // Validate data shard count range (matches Go's VolumeEcShardsToVolume)
        if data_shards == 0 || data_shards > max_shard_count {
            return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                "invalid data shard count {} for volume {} (must be 1..{})",
                data_shards, req.volume_id, max_shard_count
            )));
        }

        // Check that all data shards are present somewhere on this server.
        for (shard_id, dir) in shard_dirs[..data_shards].iter().enumerate() {
            if dir.is_none() {
                return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                    "ec volume {} missing shard {}",
                    req.volume_id, shard_id
                )));
            }
        }

        // Read the .ecx index to check for live entries
        let ecx_path = ec_vol.ecx_file_name();
        let ecx_data =
            std::fs::read(&ecx_path).map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("read ecx: {}", e)))?;
        let entry_count = ecx_data.len() / NEEDLE_MAP_ENTRY_SIZE;

        let mut has_live = false;
        for i in 0..entry_count {
            let start = i * NEEDLE_MAP_ENTRY_SIZE;
            let (_, _, size) =
                idx_entry_from_bytes(&ecx_data[start..start + NEEDLE_MAP_ENTRY_SIZE]);
            if !size.is_deleted() {
                has_live = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        if !has_live {
            return Err(Status::failed_precondition(format!(
                "ec volume {} has no live entries",
                req.volume_id
            )));
        }

        // Reconstruct the volume from EC shards. Use the EcVolume's
        // own dir for the produced .dat (matches the volume's home
        // disk) and its `ecx_actual_dir` for the .ecx lookup, while
        // reading each shard from its real on-disk location.
        let dat_dir = ec_vol.dir.clone();
        let ecx_dir = ec_vol.ecx_actual_dir().to_string();
        let collection = ec_vol.collection.clone();
        let vif_dat_file_size = ec_vol.dat_file_size;
        let (large_block_size, small_block_size) =
            (ec_vol.large_block_size(), ec_vol.small_block_size());
        // shard_dirs[i] is guaranteed Some for i in 0..data_shards by
        // the check above; collect concrete dirs for the decoder.
        let per_shard_dirs: Vec<String> = shard_dirs[..data_shards]
            .iter()
            .map(|d| d.clone().unwrap())
            .collect();
        drop(store);

        // Calculate .dat file size from .ecx entries (.ec00 lives on
        // its own disk, .ecx on the index disk).
        let dat_file_size =
            crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_decoder::find_dat_file_size_with_dirs(
                &per_shard_dirs[0],
                &ecx_dir,
                &collection,
                vid,
            )
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("FindDatFileSize: {}", e)))?;

        // The shard block layout was fixed by the .dat size at encode time
        // (recorded in .vif); deletions can shrink the live extent below a
        // large-block row boundary, so the layout must not be derived from
        // dat_file_size. The decoder infers the layout from the shard size
        // when .vif does not record it.
        // Write .dat file using block-interleaved reading from shards.
        crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_decoder::write_dat_file_from_shards(
            &crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_decoder::DatRebuild {
                dat_dir: &dat_dir,
                collection: &collection,
                volume_id: vid,
                dat_file_size,
                encoded_dat_file_size: vif_dat_file_size,
                data_shards,
                shard_dirs: Some(&per_shard_dirs),
                large_block_size: large_block_size as usize,
                small_block_size: small_block_size as usize,
            },
        )
        .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("WriteDatFile: {}", e)))?;

        // Write .idx file from .ecx and .ecj files (lives on idx dir).
        crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_decoder::write_idx_file_from_ec_index(
            &dat_dir,
            &collection,
            vid,
        )
        .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("WriteIdxFileFromEcIndex: {}", e)))?;

        // Go does NOT unmount EC shards or mount the volume here.
        // The caller (ec.balance / ec.decode) handles mount/unmount separately.

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsToVolumeResponse {},
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_ec_shards_info(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsInfoRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsInfoResponse>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let ec_vol = store
            .find_ec_volume(vid)
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("ec volume {} not found", req.volume_id)))?;

        let mut shard_infos = Vec::new();
        for (i, shard) in ec_vol.shards.iter().enumerate() {
            match shard {
                Some(s) => {
                    shard_infos.push(volume_server_pb::EcShardInfo {
                        shard_id: i as u32,
                        size: s.file_size(),
                        collection: ec_vol.collection.clone(),
                        volume_id: req.volume_id,
                    });
                }
                None => {
                    shard_infos.push(volume_server_pb::EcShardInfo {
                        shard_id: i as u32,
                        collection: ec_vol.collection.clone(),
                        volume_id: req.volume_id,
                        ..Default::default()
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        // Walk .ecx index to compute file counts and total size (matching Go's WalkIndex)
        let (file_count, file_deleted_count, volume_size) = ec_vol
            .walk_ecx_stats()
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?;

        // The layout this holder serves reads through, as Go reports it: a
        // coordinator cannot otherwise tell a holder that understands the
        // uniform block layout from one that dropped the unknown .vif field
        // and mounted the volume as legacy.
        let ec_shard_config = Some(volume_server_pb::EcShardConfig {
            data_shards: ec_vol.data_shards,
            parity_shards: ec_vol.parity_shards,
            encode_ts_ns: 0,
            block_size: ec_vol.block_size,
        });

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsInfoResponse {
                ec_shard_infos: shard_infos,
                volume_size,
                file_count,
                file_deleted_count,
                ec_shard_config,
            },
        ))
    }

    // ---- Tiered storage ----

    type VolumeTierMoveDatToRemoteStream =
        BoxStream<volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatToRemoteResponse>;
    async fn volume_tier_move_dat_to_remote(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatToRemoteRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::VolumeTierMoveDatToRemoteStream>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Validate volume exists and collection matches
        let dat_path = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, vol) = store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("volume {} not found", req.volume_id)))?;

            if vol.collection != req.collection {
                return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                    "existing collection:{} unexpected input: {}",
                    vol.collection, req.collection
                )));
            }

            let dat_path = vol.dat_path();

            // Match Go's DiskFile check: if the .dat file is still local, we can
            // keep tiering it even when remote file entries already exist.
            if volume_is_remote_only(&dat_path, vol.has_remote_file) {
                // Already on remote -- return empty stream (matches Go: returns nil)
                let stream = tokio_stream::empty();
                return Ok(Response::new(
                    Box::pin(stream) as Self::VolumeTierMoveDatToRemoteStream
                ));
            }

            // Check if the destination backend already exists in volume info
            let (backend_type, backend_id) =
                crate::remote_storage::s3_tier::backend_name_to_type_id(
                    &req.destination_backend_name,
                );
            for rf in &vol.volume_info.files {
                if rf.backend_type == backend_type && rf.backend_id == backend_id {
                    return Err(Status::already_exists(format!(
                        "destination {} already exists",
                        req.destination_backend_name
                    )));
                }
            }

            dat_path
        };

        // Store the source .dat mtime, not the upload time, so a reload computes
        // TTL from real data age (matches Go VolumeTierMoveDatToRemote).
        let dat_modified_secs = std::fs::metadata(&dat_path)
            .and_then(|m| m.modified())
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("stat data file {}: {}", dat_path, e)))?
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .map(|d| d.as_secs())
            .unwrap_or(0);

        // Look up the S3 tier backend
        let backend = {
            let registry = self.state.s3_tier_registry.read().unwrap();
            registry.get(&req.destination_backend_name).ok_or_else(|| {
                let keys = registry.names();
                Status::not_found(format!(
                    "destination {} not found, supported: {:?}",
                    req.destination_backend_name, keys
                ))
            })?
        };

        let (backend_type, backend_id) =
            crate::remote_storage::s3_tier::backend_name_to_type_id(&req.destination_backend_name);

        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<
            Result<volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatToRemoteResponse, Status>,
        >(16);
        let state = self.state.clone();
        let keep_local = req.keep_local_dat_file;
        let dest_backend_name = req.destination_backend_name.clone();

        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let result: Result<(), Status> = async {
                // Nothing below is worth doing for a caller that has already
                // gone: the upload would spend bandwidth and S3 storage on a
                // transition nobody is waiting to hear the result of.
                if tx.is_closed() {
                    return Err(Status::cancelled(format!(
                        "volume {} tier move to remote cancelled by caller",
                        vid
                    )));
                }

                // Upload the .dat file to S3 with progress
                let tx_progress = tx.clone();
                let mut last_report = std::time::Instant::now();
                let (key, size) = backend
                    .upload_file(&dat_path, move |processed, percentage| {
                        // Checked on every part, not only where progress is
                        // reported: the report is rate-limited to one a second,
                        // so its result alone would miss a caller that left in
                        // between. Go aborts here too -- the progress callback
                        // returns stream.Send's error (s3_upload.go).
                        if tx_progress.is_closed() {
                            return Err(format!(
                                "volume {} tier move to remote cancelled by caller",
                                vid
                            ));
                        }
                        let now = std::time::Instant::now();
                        if now.duration_since(last_report) >= std::time::Duration::from_secs(1) {
                            last_report = now;
                            if let Err(tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TrySendError::Closed(_)) =
                                tx_progress.try_send(Ok(
                                    volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatToRemoteResponse {
                                        processed,
                                        processed_percentage: percentage,
                                    },
                                ))
                            {
                                return Err(format!(
                                    "volume {} tier move to remote cancelled by caller",
                                    vid
                                ));
                            }
                            // A merely full channel is a slow reader, not a
                            // departed one; drop the report and keep going.
                        }
                        Ok(())
                    })
                    .await
                    .map_err(|e| {
                        Status::internal(format!(
                            "backend {} copy file {}: {}",
                            dest_backend_name, dat_path, e
                        ))
                    })?;

                // Deliberately no cancellation check here. Once the object is
                // in S3 the cheap bookkeeping that follows is what makes the
                // state consistent; stopping now would leave the object paid
                // for and referenced by nothing. Go does not gate here either:
                // its progress callback only runs during the transfer.
                // Update volume info with remote file reference
                {
                    let mut store = state.store.write().unwrap();
                    if let Some((_, vol)) = store.find_volume_mut(vid) {
                        vol.volume_info.files.push(volume_server_pb::RemoteFile {
                            backend_type: backend_type.clone(),
                            backend_id: backend_id.clone(),
                            key,
                            offset: 0,
                            file_size: size,
                            modified_time: dat_modified_secs,
                            extension: ".dat".to_string(),
                        });
                        vol.refresh_remote_write_mode().map_err(|e| {
                            Status::internal(format!(
                                "volume {} failed to refresh write mode: {}",
                                vid, e
                            ))
                        })?;

                        if let Err(e) = vol.save_volume_info() {
                            return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                                "volume {} failed to save remote file info: {}",
                                vid, e
                            )));
                        }

                        // Switch the data backend from the local .dat to the remote
                        // object so reads keep working after upload (matches Go's
                        // LoadRemoteFile).
                        if let Err(e) = vol.load_remote_dat_file() {
                            return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                                "volume {} failed to load remote file: {}",
                                vid, e
                            )));
                        }

                        // Optionally remove local .dat file from disk
                        if !keep_local {
                            let dat = vol.dat_path();
                            let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&dat);
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Go does NOT send a final 100% progress message after upload completion
                Ok(())
            }
            .await;

            if let Err(e) = result {
                // The error otherwise goes to a channel nobody is
                // reading, leaving an abandoned tier move with no trace.
                if e.code() == tonic::Code::Cancelled {
                    tracing::info!("volume {} tier move to remote abandoned by its caller", vid);
                } else {
                    tracing::warn!("volume {} tier move to remote failed: {}", vid, e);
                }
                let _ = tx.send(Err(e)).await;
            }
        });

        let stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream::new(rx);
        Ok(Response::new(
            Box::pin(stream) as Self::VolumeTierMoveDatToRemoteStream
        ))
    }

    type VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteStream =
        BoxStream<volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteResponse>;
    async fn volume_tier_move_dat_from_remote(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteStream>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        // Note: Go does NOT check maintenance mode for TierMoveDatFromRemote
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Validate volume and get remote storage info
        let (dat_path, storage_name, storage_key, remote_modified_secs) = {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, vol) = store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("volume {} not found", req.volume_id)))?;

            if vol.collection != req.collection {
                return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                    "existing collection:{} unexpected input: {}",
                    vol.collection, req.collection
                )));
            }

            let (storage_name, storage_key) = vol.remote_storage_name_key();
            if storage_name.is_empty() || storage_key.is_empty() {
                return Err(Status::failed_precondition(format!(
                    "volume {} is already on local disk",
                    vid
                )));
            }

            // Check if the dat file already exists locally (matches Go's DataBackend DiskFile check)
            let dat_path = vol.dat_path();
            if std::path::Path::new(&dat_path).exists() {
                return Err(Status::failed_precondition(format!(
                    "volume {} is already on local disk",
                    vid
                )));
            }

            let remote_modified_secs = vol
                .volume_info
                .files
                .first()
                .map(|f| f.modified_time)
                .unwrap_or(0);

            (dat_path, storage_name, storage_key, remote_modified_secs)
        };

        // Look up the S3 tier backend
        let backend = {
            let registry = self.state.s3_tier_registry.read().unwrap();
            registry.get(&storage_name).ok_or_else(|| {
                let keys = registry.names();
                Status::not_found(format!(
                    "remote storage {} not found from supported: {:?}",
                    storage_name, keys
                ))
            })?
        };

        let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<
            Result<volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteResponse, Status>,
        >(16);
        let state = self.state.clone();
        let keep_remote = req.keep_remote_dat_file;

        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let result: Result<(), Status> = async {
                // Nothing below is worth doing for a caller that has already
                // gone, and the download would overwrite a .dat path the volume
                // still reports as absent.
                if tx.is_closed() {
                    return Err(Status::cancelled(format!(
                        "volume {} tier move from remote cancelled by caller",
                        vid
                    )));
                }

                // Download the .dat file from S3 with progress
                let tx_progress = tx.clone();
                let mut last_report = std::time::Instant::now();
                let storage_name_clone = storage_name.clone();
                let _size = backend
                    .download_file(&dat_path, &storage_key, move |processed, percentage| {
                        // Checked on every part, not only where progress is
                        // reported: the report is rate-limited to one a second,
                        // so its result alone would miss a caller that left in
                        // between. Go aborts here too -- the progress callback
                        // returns stream.Send's error (s3_download.go).
                        if tx_progress.is_closed() {
                            return Err(format!(
                                "volume {} tier move from remote cancelled by caller",
                                vid
                            ));
                        }
                        let now = std::time::Instant::now();
                        if now.duration_since(last_report) >= std::time::Duration::from_secs(1) {
                            last_report = now;
                            if let Err(tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TrySendError::Closed(_)) =
                                tx_progress.try_send(Ok(
                                    volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteResponse {
                                        processed,
                                        processed_percentage: percentage,
                                    },
                                ))
                            {
                                return Err(format!(
                                    "volume {} tier move from remote cancelled by caller",
                                    vid
                                ));
                            }
                            // A merely full channel is a slow reader, not a
                            // departed one; drop the report and keep going.
                        }
                        Ok(())
                    })
                    .await
                    .map_err(|e| {
                        // download_file pre-allocates the destination to the
                        // object's full size, so an aborted download leaves a
                        // .dat that is the right length and the wrong content.
                        // It has to go: this handler refuses to run at all when
                        // a local .dat exists, so leaving one wedges every
                        // retry on "already on local disk", and a restart would
                        // load the sparse file as the volume's data.
                        if let Err(rm) = std::fs::remove_file(&dat_path)
                            && rm.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound
                        {
                            tracing::warn!(
                                "volume {} could not remove the incomplete download {}: {}",
                                vid,
                                dat_path,
                                rm
                            );
                        }
                        Status::internal(format!(
                            "backend {} copy file {}: {}",
                            storage_name_clone, dat_path, e
                        ))
                    })?;

                // Restore the .dat mtime so a reload computes TTL from real data age,
                // not download time (matches Go VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemote).
                if remote_modified_secs > 0 {
                    let modified_ts_ns =
                        (remote_modified_secs as i64).saturating_mul(1_000_000_000);
                    if let Err(e) = set_file_mtime(&dat_path, modified_ts_ns) {
                        tracing::warn!(
                            "volume {} restore data file {} modified time: {}",
                            vid,
                            dat_path,
                            e
                        );
                    } else if let Ok(dat_file) = tokio::fs::File::open(&dat_path).await {
                        // Persist the restored mtime past the download's content fsync;
                        // best-effort, only TTL accuracy depends on it surviving a crash.
                        if let Err(e) = dat_file.sync_all().await {
                            tracing::warn!(
                                "volume {} fsync data file {} after mtime restore: {}",
                                vid,
                                dat_path,
                                e
                            );
                        }
                    }
                }

                // fsync the directory so the freshly downloaded .dat is durably linked
                // before we rewrite the .vif and (later) delete the shared remote object.
                if let Err(e) = crate::storage::volume::fsync_dir(&dat_path) {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "volume {} fsync dir for {}: {}",
                        vid, dat_path, e
                    )));
                }

                // Trim the remote reference, persist the .vif, and swap to the local
                // .dat on BOTH paths BEFORE deleting the remote object. After this the
                // volume serves from local disk (has_remote_file = false), so a crash
                // before the delete only leaks the remote object; the .vif must never
                // reference an object that has already been deleted.
                {
                    let mut store = state.store.write().unwrap();
                    let (_, vol) = store.find_volume_mut(vid).ok_or_else(|| {
                        Status::not_found(format!("volume {} disappeared during tier-down", vid))
                    })?;

                    // The volume could have been deleted/recreated or re-tiered while the
                    // download ran. Abort rather than trim the .vif or delete a remote
                    // object this volume no longer points at.
                    let (current_name, current_key) = vol.remote_storage_name_key();
                    if current_name != storage_name || current_key != storage_key {
                        return Err(Status::failed_precondition(format!(
                            "volume {} remote reference changed during tier-down",
                            vid
                        )));
                    }

                    // Snapshot the remote reference before dropping it: the
                    // refresh below can fail, and a half-applied transition
                    // leaves the volume claiming local while the remote backend
                    // is still attached and the on-disk .vif still says remote
                    // — a state a retry reads as "already on local disk" and
                    // refuses to finish.
                    let removed_remote = if vol.volume_info.files.is_empty() {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(vol.volume_info.files.remove(0))
                    };
                    // Swaps the read-only sorted map out before the volume is
                    // published as writable; without it the first write would
                    // append to the local .dat and then fail to index.
                    if let Err(e) = vol.refresh_remote_write_mode() {
                        if let Some(remote) = removed_remote {
                            vol.volume_info.files.insert(0, remote);
                        }
                        // Put the derived flags and the needle map back where
                        // the restored reference says they belong. Best effort:
                        // if even this fails the volume stays pinned read-only,
                        // which is the safe end of the transition.
                        if let Err(restore_err) = vol.refresh_remote_write_mode() {
                            tracing::warn!(
                                volume_id = vid.0,
                                error = %restore_err,
                                "tier-down rollback could not restore the remote write mode",
                            );
                        }
                        return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                            "volume {} failed to refresh write mode: {}",
                            vid, e
                        )));
                    }

                    if let Err(e) = vol.save_volume_info() {
                        return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                            "volume {} failed to save remote file info: {}",
                            vid, e
                        )));
                    }

                    if let Err(e) = vol.open_local_dat_backend() {
                        return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                            "volume {} failed to open local dat file {}: {}",
                            vid, dat_path, e
                        )));
                    }
                }

                // fsync the directory again so the rewritten .vif is durable before the
                // remote object is removed.
                if let Err(e) = crate::storage::volume::fsync_dir(&dat_path) {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "volume {} fsync dir for {} after saving volume info: {}",
                        vid, dat_path, e
                    )));
                }

                if keep_remote {
                    // Surviving replicas still reference this object; keep it intact.
                    return Ok(());
                }

                // Only the last replica to download deletes the shared remote object.
                backend.delete_file(&storage_key).await.map_err(|e| {
                    Status::internal(format!(
                        "volume {} failed to delete remote file {}: {}",
                        vid, storage_key, e
                    ))
                })?;

                // Go does NOT send a final 100% progress message after download completion
                Ok(())
            }
            .await;

            if let Err(e) = result {
                // The error otherwise goes to a channel nobody is
                // reading, leaving an abandoned tier move with no trace.
                if e.code() == tonic::Code::Cancelled {
                    tracing::info!(
                        "volume {} tier move from remote abandoned by its caller",
                        vid
                    );
                } else {
                    tracing::warn!("volume {} tier move from remote failed: {}", vid, e);
                }
                let _ = tx.send(Err(e)).await;
            }
        });

        let stream = tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream::new(rx);
        Ok(Response::new(
            Box::pin(stream) as Self::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteStream
        ))
    }

    // ---- Server management ----

    async fn volume_server_status(
        &self,
        _request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeServerStatusRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeServerStatusResponse>, Status> {
        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();

        let mut disk_statuses = Vec::new();
        for loc in &store.locations {
            let (all, free) = get_disk_usage(&loc.directory);
            let used = all.saturating_sub(free);
            let percent_free = if all > 0 {
                ((free as f64 / all as f64) * 100.0) as f32
            } else {
                0.0
            };
            let percent_used = if all > 0 {
                ((used as f64 / all as f64) * 100.0) as f32
            } else {
                0.0
            };
            disk_statuses.push(volume_server_pb::DiskStatus {
                dir: loc.directory.clone(),
                all,
                used,
                free,
                percent_free,
                percent_used,
                disk_type: loc.disk_type.to_string(),
            });
        }

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeServerStatusResponse {
                disk_statuses,
                memory_status: Some(super::memory_status::collect_mem_status()),
                version: crate::version::full_version().to_string(),
                data_center: self.state.data_center.clone(),
                rack: self.state.rack.clone(),
                state: Some(volume_server_pb::VolumeServerState {
                    maintenance: self.state.maintenance.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                    version: self.state.state_version.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                }),
            },
        ))
    }

    async fn volume_server_leave(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeServerLeaveRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeServerLeaveResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        *self.state.is_stopping.write().unwrap() = true;
        self.state.is_heartbeating.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
        // Wake heartbeat loop to send deregistration.
        self.state.volume_state_notify.notify_one();
        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::VolumeServerLeaveResponse {},
        ))
    }

    async fn fetch_and_write_needle(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::FetchAndWriteNeedleRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::FetchAndWriteNeedleResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        self.state.check_maintenance()?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);

        // Check volume exists
        {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            store
                .find_volume(vid)
                .ok_or_else(|| Status::not_found(format!("not found volume id {}", vid)))?;
        }

        // Get remote storage configuration
        let remote_conf = req
            .remote_conf
            .as_ref()
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("remote storage configuration is required"))?;

        // Reject SSRF-prone endpoints unless the operator opted out. Every
        // S3-compatible backend (s3, wasabi, backblaze, ...) dials a
        // caller-supplied endpoint URL directly via make_remote_storage_client,
        // so validate whichever endpoint applies. An empty endpoint means the
        // provider default (e.g. real AWS S3) and cannot target an internal
        // host, so skip it. Extends the Go volume server's validateRemoteEndpoint
        // gate, which only covered type "s3".
        if !self.state.allow_untrusted_remote_endpoints
            && let Some(endpoint) = crate::remote_storage::s3_compatible_endpoint(remote_conf)
            && !endpoint.trim().is_empty()
        {
            crate::remote_storage::validate_remote_endpoint(endpoint)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| Status::invalid_argument(format!("reject remote endpoint: {}", e)))?;
        }

        // Create remote storage client
        let client =
            crate::remote_storage::make_remote_storage_client(remote_conf).map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!(
                    "get remote client: make remote storage client {}: {}",
                    remote_conf.name, e,
                ))
            })?;

        let remote_location = req
            .remote_location
            .as_ref()
            .ok_or_else(|| Status::invalid_argument("remote storage location is required"))?;

        // Read data from remote storage
        let data = client
            .read_file(remote_location, req.offset, req.size)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!("read from remote {:?}: {}", remote_location, e))
            })?;

        // Build needle and write locally
        let mut n = Needle {
            id: NeedleId(req.needle_id),
            cookie: Cookie(req.cookie),
            data_size: data.len() as u32,
            data: data.clone(),
            ..Needle::default()
        };
        n.checksum = crate::storage::needle::crc::CRC::new(&n.data);
        n.size = crate::storage::types::Size(4 + n.data_size as i32 + 1);
        n.last_modified = std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .unwrap_or_default()
            .as_secs();
        n.set_has_last_modified_date();

        // Validate every replica target before writing anything, so a malformed
        // or internal target fails the request instead of leaving a local write
        // behind. Mirrors the Go volume server. NOTE: like the Rust S3 endpoint
        // guard, this validates the up-front DNS answer but does not yet re-check
        // at connect time, so a rebinding hostname remains a follow-up.
        if !self.state.allow_untrusted_remote_endpoints {
            for replica in &req.replicas {
                crate::remote_storage::validate_replica_target(&replica.url)
                    .await
                    .map_err(|e| {
                        Status::invalid_argument(format!("reject replica target: {}", e))
                    })?;
            }
        }

        // Run local write and replica writes concurrently (matches Go's WaitGroup)
        let mut handles: Vec<tokio::task::JoinHandle<Result<(), String>>> = Vec::new();

        // Spawn local write as a concurrent task
        let state_clone = self.state.clone();
        let mut n_clone = n.clone();
        let needle_id = req.needle_id;
        let size = req.size;
        let local_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            let mut store = state_clone.store.write().unwrap();
            store
                .write_volume_needle(vid, &mut n_clone, false)
                .map(|_| ())
                .map_err(|e| format!("local write needle {} size {}: {}", needle_id, size, e))
        });

        // Spawn replica writes concurrently
        if !req.replicas.is_empty() {
            let file_id = format!("{},{:x}{:08x}", vid, req.needle_id, req.cookie);
            let http_client = self.state.http_client.clone();
            let scheme = self.state.outgoing_http_scheme.clone();
            for replica in &req.replicas {
                let raw_target = format!("{}/{}?type=replicate", replica.url, file_id);
                let url =
                    crate::server::volume_server::normalize_outgoing_http_url(&scheme, &raw_target)
                        .map_err(Status::internal)?;
                let data_clone = data.clone();
                let client_clone = http_client.clone();
                let needle_id = req.needle_id;
                let size = req.size;
                handles.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
                    let form = reqwest::multipart::Form::new()
                        .part("file", reqwest::multipart::Part::bytes(data_clone));
                    client_clone
                        .post(&url)
                        .multipart(form)
                        .send()
                        .await
                        .map(|_| ())
                        .map_err(|e| {
                            format!("remote write needle {} size {}: {}", needle_id, size, e)
                        })
                }));
            }
        }

        // Await ALL writes before checking errors (matches Go's wg.Wait())
        let local_result = local_handle.await;
        let mut replica_results = Vec::new();
        for handle in handles {
            replica_results.push(handle.await);
        }

        // Check local write result
        match local_result {
            Ok(Ok(())) => {}
            Ok(Err(e)) => return Err(Status::internal(e)),
            Err(e) => return Err(Status::internal(format!("local write task failed: {}", e))),
        }

        let e_tag = n.etag();

        // Check replica write results
        for result in replica_results {
            match result {
                Ok(Ok(())) => {}
                Ok(Err(e)) => return Err(Status::internal(e)),
                Err(e) => return Err(Status::internal(format!("replication task failed: {}", e))),
            }
        }

        Ok(Response::new(
            volume_server_pb::FetchAndWriteNeedleResponse { e_tag },
        ))
    }

    async fn scrub_volume(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::ScrubVolumeRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::ScrubVolumeResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();

        // Validate mode
        let mode = req.mode;
        match mode {
            1 | 2 | 3 | 5 => {} // INDEX=1, FULL=2, LOCAL=3, READS=5 (FULL for regular volumes)
            _ => {
                return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                    "unsupported volume scrub mode {}",
                    mode
                )))
            }
        }

        let explicit = !req.volume_ids.is_empty();
        let vids: Vec<VolumeId> = if explicit {
            req.volume_ids.iter().map(|&id| VolumeId(id)).collect()
        } else {
            self.state.store.read().unwrap().all_volume_ids()
        };

        self.scrub_volumes(&req, vids, explicit).await
    }

    async fn scrub_ec_volume(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();

        // Validate mode
        let mode = req.mode;
        match mode {
            1..=5 => {} // INDEX=1, FULL=2, LOCAL=3, CHECKSUM=4, READS=5
            _ => {
                return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                    "unsupported EC volume scrub mode {}",
                    mode
                )))
            }
        }

        // Only the modes that walk needles can be strict about deleted ones.
        let force_deleted_needles_check = req.force_deleted_needles_check;
        if force_deleted_needles_check && mode != 2 && mode != 5 {
            return Err(Status::invalid_argument(
                "deleted needle checks are only supported for FULL and READS scrubs",
            ));
        }

        // Collect the volume ids under a brief lock, then release it: FULL (mode 2)
        // reads remote shards and must not hold the !Send store guard across .await.
        // Collect the volume ids under a brief lock, then release it: FULL (mode 2)
        // reads remote shards and must not hold the !Send store guard across .await.
        let explicit = !req.volume_ids.is_empty();
        let vids: Vec<VolumeId> = if explicit {
            req.volume_ids.iter().map(|&id| VolumeId(id)).collect()
        } else {
            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            // A vid mounted on N disks appears N times here. Left as-is, each
            // duplicate rescans the same runtime and inflates total_volumes,
            // while the sibling disks' shards are still never reached.
            let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
            store
                .locations
                .iter()
                .flat_map(|loc| loc.ec_volumes().map(|(vid, _)| *vid))
                .filter(|vid| seen.insert(*vid))
                .collect()
        };

        self.scrub_ec_volumes(&req, vids, explicit).await
    }

    type QueryStream = BoxStream<volume_server_pb::QueriedStripe>;
    async fn query(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::QueryRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<Self::QueryStream>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let mut stripes: Vec<Result<volume_server_pb::QueriedStripe, Status>> = Vec::new();

        for fid_str in &req.from_file_ids {
            let file_id = needle::FileId::parse(fid_str).map_err(Status::internal)?;

            let mut n = Needle {
                id: file_id.key,
                cookie: file_id.cookie,
                ..Needle::default()
            };
            let original_cookie = n.cookie;

            let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();
            store
                .read_volume_needle(file_id.volume_id, &mut n)
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(e.to_string()))?;
            drop(store);

            // Cookie mismatch: log and return empty stream (matching Go behavior where err is nil)
            if n.cookie != original_cookie {
                tracing::info!(
                    "volume query failed to read fid cookie {}: cookie mismatch",
                    fid_str
                );
                let stream = tokio_stream::iter(stripes);
                return Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)));
            }

            let input = req.input_serialization.as_ref();

            // CSV input: no output (Go does nothing for CSV)
            if input.is_some_and(|i| i.csv_input.is_some()) {
                // No stripes emitted for CSV
                continue;
            }

            // JSON input: process lines
            if input.is_some_and(|i| i.json_input.is_some()) {
                let filter = req.filter.as_ref();
                let data_str = String::from_utf8_lossy(&n.data);
                let mut records: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();

                for line in data_str.lines() {
                    if line.trim().is_empty() {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let parsed: serde_json::Value = match serde_json::from_str(line) {
                        Ok(v) => v,
                        Err(_) => continue,
                    };

                    // Apply filter
                    if let Some(f) = filter
                        && !f.field.is_empty()
                        && !f.operand.is_empty()
                    {
                        let field_val = &parsed[&f.field];
                        let pass = match f.operand.as_str() {
                            ">" => {
                                if let (Some(fv), Ok(tv)) =
                                    (field_val.as_f64(), f.value.parse::<f64>())
                                {
                                    fv > tv
                                } else {
                                    false
                                }
                            }
                            ">=" => {
                                if let (Some(fv), Ok(tv)) =
                                    (field_val.as_f64(), f.value.parse::<f64>())
                                {
                                    fv >= tv
                                } else {
                                    false
                                }
                            }
                            "<" => {
                                if let (Some(fv), Ok(tv)) =
                                    (field_val.as_f64(), f.value.parse::<f64>())
                                {
                                    fv < tv
                                } else {
                                    false
                                }
                            }
                            "<=" => {
                                if let (Some(fv), Ok(tv)) =
                                    (field_val.as_f64(), f.value.parse::<f64>())
                                {
                                    fv <= tv
                                } else {
                                    false
                                }
                            }
                            "=" => {
                                if let (Some(fv), Ok(tv)) =
                                    (field_val.as_f64(), f.value.parse::<f64>())
                                {
                                    fv == tv
                                } else {
                                    field_val.as_str().is_some_and(|s| s == f.value)
                                }
                            }
                            "!=" => {
                                if let (Some(fv), Ok(tv)) =
                                    (field_val.as_f64(), f.value.parse::<f64>())
                                {
                                    fv != tv
                                } else {
                                    field_val.as_str().is_none_or(|s| s != f.value)
                                }
                            }
                            _ => true,
                        };
                        if !pass {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }

                    // Build output record: {selection:value,...} (Go's ToJson format — unquoted keys)
                    records.push(b'{');
                    for (i, sel) in req.selections.iter().enumerate() {
                        if i > 0 {
                            records.push(b',');
                        }
                        records.extend_from_slice(sel.as_bytes());
                        records.push(b':');
                        let val = &parsed[sel];
                        let raw = if val.is_null() {
                            "null".to_string()
                        } else {
                            // Use the raw JSON representation
                            val.to_string()
                        };
                        records.extend_from_slice(raw.as_bytes());
                    }
                    records.push(b'}');
                }

                stripes.push(Ok(volume_server_pb::QueriedStripe { records }));
            }
        }

        let stream = tokio_stream::iter(stripes);
        Ok(Response::new(Box::pin(stream)))
    }

    async fn volume_needle_status(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::VolumeNeedleStatusRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::VolumeNeedleStatusResponse>, Status> {
        self.check_grpc_admin_auth(&request)?;
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let vid = VolumeId(req.volume_id);
        let needle_id = NeedleId(req.needle_id);

        let store = self.state.store.read().unwrap();

        // Try normal volume first
        if store.find_volume(vid).is_some() {
            let mut n = Needle {
                id: needle_id,
                ..Needle::default()
            };
            match store.read_volume_needle(vid, &mut n) {
                Ok(_) => {
                    let ttl_str = n.ttl.as_ref().map_or(String::new(), |t| t.to_string());
                    return Ok(Response::new(
                        volume_server_pb::VolumeNeedleStatusResponse {
                            needle_id: n.id.0,
                            cookie: n.cookie.0,
                            size: n.size.0 as u32,
                            last_modified: n.last_modified,
                            crc: n.checksum.0,
                            ttl: ttl_str,
                        },
                    ));
                }
                Err(_) => return Err(Status::not_found(format!("needle not found {}", needle_id))),
            }
        }

        // Fall back to EC shards — read full needle from local shards
        if let Some(ec_vol) = store.find_ec_volume(vid) {
            match ec_vol.read_ec_shard_needle(needle_id) {
                Ok(Some(n)) => {
                    let ttl_str = match &n.ttl {
                        Some(t) if n.has_ttl() => t.to_string(),
                        _ => String::new(),
                    };
                    return Ok(Response::new(
                        volume_server_pb::VolumeNeedleStatusResponse {
                            needle_id: n.id.0,
                            cookie: n.cookie.0,
                            size: n.size.0 as u32,
                            last_modified: n.last_modified,
                            crc: n.checksum.0,
                            ttl: ttl_str,
                        },
                    ));
                }
                Ok(None) => {
                    return Err(Status::not_found(format!("needle not found {}", needle_id)));
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "read ec shard needle {} from volume {}: {}",
                        needle_id, vid, e
                    )));
                }
            }
        }

        Err(Status::not_found(format!("volume not found {}", vid)))
    }

    async fn ping(
        &self,
        request: Request<volume_server_pb::PingRequest>,
    ) -> Result<Response<volume_server_pb::PingResponse>, Status> {
        let req = request.into_inner();
        let now_ns = || {
            std::time::SystemTime::now()
                .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
                .unwrap_or_default()
                .as_nanos() as i64
        };

        let start = now_ns();

        // Empty target is a self-liveness probe and stays unauthenticated.
        // Otherwise gate the dial on cluster membership: volume servers only
        // know masters, so any other target type is refused. Mirrors Go's
        // volume_grpc_admin.go Ping admission check. tonic forbids returning
        // a body alongside an error, so we surface the InvalidArgument status
        // alone — behaviour-identical to Go's status.Errorf return.
        if !req.target.is_empty()
            && !self
                .state
                .is_known_ping_target(&req.target, &req.target_type)
                .await
        {
            return Err(Status::invalid_argument(format!(
                "unknown ping target {} of type {}",
                req.target, req.target_type
            )));
        }

        // Route ping based on target type (matches Go's volume_grpc_admin.go Ping)
        let remote_time_ns = if req.target_type == "volumeServer" {
            match ping_volume_server_target(&req.target, self.state.outgoing_grpc_tls.as_ref())
                .await
            {
                Ok(t) => t,
                Err(e) => {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "ping {} {}: {}",
                        req.target_type, req.target, e
                    )))
                }
            }
        } else if req.target_type == "master" {
            // Connect to target master and call its Ping RPC
            match ping_master_target(&req.target, self.state.outgoing_grpc_tls.as_ref()).await {
                Ok(t) => t,
                Err(e) => {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "ping {} {}: {}",
                        req.target_type, req.target, e
                    )))
                }
            }
        } else if req.target_type == "filer" {
            match ping_filer_target(&req.target, self.state.outgoing_grpc_tls.as_ref()).await {
                Ok(t) => t,
                Err(e) => {
                    return Err(Status::internal(format!(
                        "ping {} {}: {}",
                        req.target_type, req.target, e
                    )))
                }
            }
        } else {
            // Unknown target type → return 0
            0
        };

        let stop = now_ns();
        Ok(Response::new(volume_server_pb::PingResponse {
            start_time_ns: start,
            remote_time_ns,
            stop_time_ns: stop,
        }))
    }
}

/// Build a gRPC endpoint from a SeaweedFS server address.
fn to_grpc_endpoint(
    target: &str,
    tls: Option<&super::grpc_client::OutgoingGrpcTlsConfig>,
) -> Result<tonic::transport::Endpoint, String> {
    let grpc_host_port = parse_grpc_address(target)?;
    build_grpc_endpoint(&grpc_host_port, tls).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
}

/// Ping a remote volume server target by actually calling its Ping RPC (matches Go behavior).
async fn ping_volume_server_target(
    target: &str,
    tls: Option<&super::grpc_client::OutgoingGrpcTlsConfig>,
) -> Result<i64, String> {
    let endpoint = to_grpc_endpoint(target, tls)?;
    let channel = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5), endpoint.connect())
        .await
        .map_err(|_| "connection timeout".to_string())?
        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

    let mut client = volume_server_pb::volume_server_client::VolumeServerClient::with_interceptor(
        channel,
        super::request_id::outgoing_request_id_interceptor,
    )
    .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
    .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE);
    let resp = client
        .ping(volume_server_pb::PingRequest {
            target: String::new(),
            target_type: String::new(),
        })
        .await
        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
    Ok(resp.into_inner().start_time_ns)
}

/// Ping a remote master target by actually calling its Ping RPC (matches Go behavior).
async fn ping_master_target(
    target: &str,
    tls: Option<&super::grpc_client::OutgoingGrpcTlsConfig>,
) -> Result<i64, String> {
    let endpoint = to_grpc_endpoint(target, tls)?;
    let channel = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5), endpoint.connect())
        .await
        .map_err(|_| "connection timeout".to_string())?
        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

    let mut client = master_pb::seaweed_client::SeaweedClient::with_interceptor(
        channel,
        super::request_id::outgoing_request_id_interceptor,
    )
    .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
    .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE);
    let resp = client
        .ping(master_pb::PingRequest {
            target: String::new(),
            target_type: String::new(),
        })
        .await
        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
    Ok(resp.into_inner().start_time_ns)
}

/// Ping a remote filer target by calling its Ping RPC (matches Go behavior).
async fn ping_filer_target(
    target: &str,
    tls: Option<&super::grpc_client::OutgoingGrpcTlsConfig>,
) -> Result<i64, String> {
    let endpoint = to_grpc_endpoint(target, tls)?;
    let channel = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5), endpoint.connect())
        .await
        .map_err(|_| "connection timeout".to_string())?
        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

    let mut client = filer_pb::seaweed_filer_client::SeaweedFilerClient::with_interceptor(
        channel,
        super::request_id::outgoing_request_id_interceptor,
    )
    .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
    .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE);
    let resp = client
        .ping(filer_pb::PingRequest::default())
        .await
        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
    Ok(resp.into_inner().start_time_ns)
}

// parse_grpc_address moved to super::grpc_client::parse_grpc_address
// for sharing with the distributed-EC-read path in server/store_ec.rs.
// In-file callers below still write `parse_grpc_address(...)`; this
// `use` makes them resolve to the new home without churning every
// call site.
use super::grpc_client::parse_grpc_address;

/// Set the modification time of a file from nanoseconds since Unix epoch.
fn set_file_mtime(path: &str, modified_ts_ns: i64) -> std::io::Result<()> {
    use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
    let ts = if modified_ts_ns >= 0 {
        SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_nanos(modified_ts_ns as u64)
    } else {
        SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH
    };
    let file = std::fs::File::open(path)?;
    let ft = std::fs::FileTimes::new().set_accessed(ts).set_modified(ts);
    file.set_times(ft)
}

/// Drain a CopyFile stream into `file`, returning the number of bytes written.
///
/// Uses async, buffered I/O (`tokio::fs` + `BufWriter`) so the receive-and-write
/// loop never blocks a Tokio worker thread on disk I/O — a synchronous
/// `std::fs::File::write_all` per chunk would stall the runtime for the duration
/// of each write (noticeable for a large `.ecx`/`.dat` on a slow or busy disk).
///
/// On any recv/write/flush error the partially written destination is removed
/// (matching `receive_file` and the Go volume server), so a failed copy never
/// leaves a truncated shard or checksum file behind for a later reader to trip on.
async fn drain_copy_stream_to_file(
    stream: &mut tonic::Streaming<volume_server_pb::CopyFileResponse>,
    file: tokio::fs::File,
    file_path: &str,
    what: &str,
) -> Result<u64, Status> {
    use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
    let mut writer = tokio::io::BufWriter::new(file);
    let write_all = async {
        let mut written: u64 = 0;
        while let Some(chunk) = stream
            .message()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("recv {}: {}", what, e)))?
        {
            writer
                .write_all(&chunk.file_content)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("write {}: {}", file_path, e)))?;
            written += chunk.file_content.len() as u64;
        }
        writer
            .flush()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("flush {}: {}", file_path, e)))?;
        Ok::<u64, Status>(written)
    };
    match write_all.await {
        Ok(written) => Ok(written),
        Err(e) => {
            // Close the handle, then drop the truncated file so it isn't mistaken
            // for a complete shard/sidecar. Best-effort: the original error wins.
            drop(writer);
            let _ = tokio::fs::remove_file(file_path).await;
            Err(e)
        }
    }
}

/// One file of a volume copy: what to ask the source for and where it lands.
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct CopyFileSpec<'a> {
    is_ec_volume: bool,
    collection: &'a str,
    volume_id: u32,
    compaction_revision: u32,
    stop_offset: u64,
    dest_path: &'a str,
    ext: &'a str,
    is_append: bool,
    ignore_source_not_found: bool,
    /// Whether this file's bytes are reported back to the caller as progress.
    report_progress: bool,
}

/// Progress reporting and throttling shared by every file of one volume copy.
struct CopyProgress<'a> {
    tx: &'a tokio::sync::mpsc::Sender<Result<volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyResponse, Status>>,
    next_report_target: &'a mut i64,
    report_interval: i64,
    throttler: &'a mut WriteThrottler,
}

/// Copy a file from a remote volume server via CopyFile streaming RPC.
/// Returns the modified_ts_ns received from the source.
async fn copy_file_from_source<T>(
    client: &mut volume_server_pb::volume_server_client::VolumeServerClient<T>,
    spec: &CopyFileSpec<'_>,
    progress: &mut CopyProgress<'_>,
) -> Result<i64, Status>
where
    T: tonic::client::GrpcService<tonic::body::Body>,
    T::Error: Into<tonic::codegen::StdError>,
    T::ResponseBody: http_body::Body<Data = bytes::Bytes> + Send + 'static,
    <T::ResponseBody as http_body::Body>::Error: Into<tonic::codegen::StdError> + Send,
{
    let CopyFileSpec {
        is_ec_volume,
        collection,
        volume_id,
        compaction_revision,
        stop_offset,
        dest_path,
        ext,
        is_append,
        ignore_source_not_found,
        report_progress,
    } = *spec;
    let progress_tx = progress.tx;
    let copy_req = volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
        volume_id,
        ext: ext.to_string(),
        compaction_revision,
        stop_offset,
        collection: collection.to_string(),
        is_ec_volume,
        ignore_source_file_not_found: ignore_source_not_found,
    };

    // Cancellation surfaces as Status::cancelled so the spawn's error branch
    // can distinguish it from ordinary failures (logging + future handling).
    // The other errors here stay Status::internal, matching the prior
    // `.map_err(|e| Status::internal(e))` at the call sites.
    let cancelled = || {
        Status::cancelled(format!(
            "volume {} {} copy cancelled by caller",
            volume_id, ext
        ))
    };

    // Race the initial RPC establishment against the caller's response channel:
    // if the source stalls before sending response headers, the per-message
    // select! below is never reached, and without this race the task, the
    // source connection, and any preallocated files would outlive a caller
    // that has already gone.
    let mut stream = tokio::select! {
        res = client.copy_file(copy_req) => {
            res.map_err(|e| {
                Status::internal(format!(
                    "failed to start copying volume {} {} file: {}",
                    volume_id, ext, e
                ))
            })?
            .into_inner()
        }
        _ = progress_tx.closed() => return Err(cancelled()),
    };

    let mut file = if is_append {
        std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
            .create(true)
            .append(true)
            .open(dest_path)
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("open file {}: {}", dest_path, e)))?
    } else {
        std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
            .write(true)
            .create(true)
            .truncate(true)
            .open(dest_path)
            .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("open file {}: {}", dest_path, e)))?
    };

    let mut progressed_bytes: i64 = 0;
    let mut modified_ts_ns: i64 = 0;

    // The source stream's message() future is the one await in this loop that
    // can hang indefinitely: a stalled source (slow disk, network partition,
    // GC pause on the source host) never returns a chunk, and without racing
    // it against the caller's response channel the detached task, the source
    // connection, and the partial files (including the .note) all outlive the
    // caller. select! lets a departing caller preempt the source read.
    loop {
        let resp = tokio::select! {
            msg = stream.message() => {
                msg.map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("receiving {}: {}", dest_path, e)))?
            }
            _ = progress_tx.closed() => return Err(cancelled()),
        };
        let resp = match resp {
            Some(r) => r,
            None => break,
        };
        if resp.modified_ts_ns != 0 {
            modified_ts_ns = resp.modified_ts_ns;
        }
        if !resp.file_content.is_empty() {
            // The caller's response stream is the only thing that makes this
            // copy worth finishing. Checked every chunk rather than only where
            // progress is reported: the first report lands 128MB in, so a
            // smaller volume would otherwise run to completion — and mount —
            // long after its caller stopped listening.
            if progress_tx.is_closed() {
                return Err(cancelled());
            }
            use std::io::Write;
            file.write_all(&resp.file_content)
                .map_err(|e| Status::internal(format!("write file {}: {}", dest_path, e)))?;
            progressed_bytes += resp.file_content.len() as i64;
            // A throttled copy sleeps seconds at a time; wake for a departing
            // caller instead of finishing the nap first.
            tokio::select! {
                _ = progress.throttler.maybe_slowdown(resp.file_content.len() as i64) => {}
                _ = progress_tx.closed() => return Err(cancelled()),
            }

            if report_progress && progressed_bytes > *progress.next_report_target {
                // Go aborts the transfer when this send fails
                // (volume_grpc_copy.go: `return false`); so do we.
                if progress_tx
                    .send(Ok(volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyResponse {
                        last_append_at_ns: 0,
                        processed_bytes: progressed_bytes,
                    }))
                    .await
                    .is_err()
                {
                    return Err(cancelled());
                }
                *progress.next_report_target = progressed_bytes + progress.report_interval;
            }
        }
    }

    // If source file didn't exist (no modifiedTsNs received), remove empty file
    // Go only removes when !isAppend
    if modified_ts_ns == 0 && !is_append {
        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(dest_path);
    }

    Ok(modified_ts_ns)
}

/// Verify that a copied file has the expected size.
fn check_copy_file_size(path: &str, expected: u64) -> Result<(), Status> {
    match std::fs::metadata(path) {
        Ok(meta) => {
            if meta.len() != expected {
                Err(Status::internal(format!(
                    "file {} size [{}] is not same as origin file size [{}]",
                    path,
                    meta.len(),
                    expected
                )))
            } else {
                Ok(())
            }
        }
        Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound && expected == 0 => Ok(()),
        Err(e) => Err(Status::internal(format!(
            "stat file {} failed: {}",
            path, e
        ))),
    }
}

/// Find the last append timestamp from copied .idx and .dat files.
/// Go returns (0, nil) for versions < Version3 since timestamps only exist in V3.
fn find_last_append_at_ns(idx_path: &str, dat_path: &str, version: u32) -> Option<u64> {
    // Only Version3 has the append timestamp in the needle tail
    if version < VERSION_3.0 as u32 {
        return None;
    }
    use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};

    let mut idx_file = std::fs::File::open(idx_path).ok()?;
    let idx_size = idx_file.metadata().ok()?.len();
    if idx_size == 0 || idx_size % (NEEDLE_MAP_ENTRY_SIZE as u64) != 0 {
        return None;
    }

    // Read the last index entry
    let mut buf = [0u8; NEEDLE_MAP_ENTRY_SIZE];
    idx_file
        .seek(SeekFrom::End(-(NEEDLE_MAP_ENTRY_SIZE as i64)))
        .ok()?;
    idx_file.read_exact(&mut buf).ok()?;

    let (_key, offset, _size) = idx_entry_from_bytes(&buf);
    if offset.is_zero() {
        return None;
    }

    // Read needle header from .dat to get the append timestamp
    let mut dat_file = std::fs::File::open(dat_path).ok()?;
    let actual_offset = offset.to_actual_offset();

    // Skip to the needle at the given offset, read header to get size
    dat_file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(actual_offset as u64)).ok()?;

    // Read cookie (4) + id (8) + size (4) = 16 bytes header
    let mut header = [0u8; 16];
    dat_file.read_exact(&mut header).ok()?;
    let needle_size = i32::from_be_bytes([header[12], header[13], header[14], header[15]]);
    if needle_size < 0 {
        return None;
    }

    // Seek to tail: offset + 16 (header) + size -> checksum (4) + timestamp (8)
    // For delete needles (size == 0), the tail is right after the header.
    let tail_offset = actual_offset as u64 + 16 + needle_size as u64;
    dat_file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(tail_offset)).ok()?;

    let mut tail = [0u8; 12]; // 4 bytes checksum + 8 bytes timestamp
    dat_file.read_exact(&mut tail).ok()?;

    // Timestamp is the last 8 bytes, big-endian
    let ts = u64::from_be_bytes([
        tail[4], tail[5], tail[6], tail[7], tail[8], tail[9], tail[10], tail[11],
    ]);
    if ts > 0 {
        Some(ts)
    } else {
        None
    }
}

/// Get disk usage (total, free) in bytes for the given path.
fn get_disk_usage(path: &str) -> (u64, u64) {
    use sysinfo::Disks;
    let disks = Disks::new_with_refreshed_list();
    let path = std::path::Path::new(path);
    // Find the disk that contains this path (longest mount point prefix match)
    let mut best: Option<&sysinfo::Disk> = None;
    let mut best_len = 0;
    for disk in disks.list() {
        let mount = disk.mount_point();
        if path.starts_with(mount) && mount.as_os_str().len() > best_len {
            best_len = mount.as_os_str().len();
            best = Some(disk);
        }
    }
    match best {
        Some(disk) => (disk.total_space(), disk.available_space()),
        None => (0, 0),
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::config::MinFreeSpace;
    use crate::remote_storage::s3_tier::{global_s3_tier_registry, S3TierBackend, S3TierConfig};
    use crate::security::{Guard, SigningKey};
    use crate::storage::needle_map::NeedleMapKind;
    use crate::storage::store::Store;
    use std::sync::RwLock;
    use tempfile::TempDir;
    use tokio_stream::StreamExt;

    fn loc(dir: &str, idx_dir: &str, shard_count: usize, has_ecx: bool) -> LocInfo {
        LocInfo {
            dir: dir.to_string(),
            idx_dir: idx_dir.to_string(),
            shard_count,
            has_ecx,
        }
    }

    // The rebuild reads its shards from one directory but resolves the volume's
    // layout -- ratio and uniform block size -- from the .vif or the
    // generation-0 .ecsum, which on a multi-disk server may sit anywhere. Every
    // directory that could hold one has to be in the search list, or the
    // resolution silently falls back to 10+4 with the legacy striping and
    // reconstructs through the wrong matrix.
    // The rebuild's own data and index directories are handed to the resolvers
    // as their own arguments, so they are deliberately absent from this list --
    // unlike Go, whose resolver takes a single directory list and therefore
    // carries the rebuild's index directory inside it.
    #[test]
    fn select_rebuild_location_excludes_the_rebuilds_own_dirs() {
        for infos in [
            vec![loc("/data1", "/idx1", 3, true)],
            vec![loc("/data1", "/data1", 3, true)],
        ] {
            let (idx, others) = select_rebuild_location(&infos).expect("a location with .ecx");
            assert_eq!(idx, 0);
            assert!(others.is_empty(), "got {:?}", others);
        }
    }

    // The case two reviewers flagged: a sibling holding only shards while its
    // index directory holds this volume's .vif.
    #[test]
    fn select_rebuild_location_searches_a_siblings_index_dir_not_just_its_data_dir() {
        let infos = vec![
            loc("/data1", "/data1", 5, true),
            loc("/data2", "/idx2", 2, false),
        ];
        let (idx, others) = select_rebuild_location(&infos).expect("a location with .ecx");
        assert_eq!(idx, 0);
        assert_eq!(others, vec!["/data2".to_string(), "/idx2".to_string()]);
    }

    // Several disks pointed at one index directory is a normal -dir.idx
    // deployment; the shared directory is worth searching but only once.
    #[test]
    fn select_rebuild_location_lists_a_shared_index_dir_once() {
        let infos = vec![
            loc("/data1", "/data1", 5, true),
            loc("/data2", "/shared-idx", 2, false),
            loc("/data3", "/shared-idx", 1, false),
        ];
        let (_, others) = select_rebuild_location(&infos).expect("a location with .ecx");
        assert_eq!(
            others,
            vec![
                "/data2".to_string(),
                "/data3".to_string(),
                "/shared-idx".to_string()
            ]
        );
    }

    // When the shared index directory is the rebuild's own it drops out, since
    // the caller passes it separately.
    #[test]
    fn select_rebuild_location_omits_a_shared_index_dir_it_rebuilds_into() {
        let infos = vec![
            loc("/data1", "/shared-idx", 5, true),
            loc("/data2", "/shared-idx", 2, false),
        ];
        let (_, others) = select_rebuild_location(&infos).expect("a location with .ecx");
        assert_eq!(others, vec!["/data2".to_string()]);
    }

    // The winner moves as a fuller location turns up; the one it displaces
    // still has to be searched, index directory included.
    #[test]
    fn select_rebuild_location_keeps_the_displaced_winners_dirs() {
        let infos = vec![
            loc("/data1", "/idx1", 2, true),
            loc("/data2", "/idx2", 9, true),
        ];
        let (idx, others) = select_rebuild_location(&infos).expect("a location with .ecx");
        assert_eq!(idx, 1, "the fuller location wins");
        assert_eq!(others, vec!["/data1".to_string(), "/idx1".to_string()]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn select_rebuild_location_drops_empty_dirs() {
        let infos = vec![loc("/data1", "", 3, true), loc("/data2", "", 1, false)];
        let (_, others) = select_rebuild_location(&infos).expect("a location with .ecx");
        assert_eq!(others, vec!["/data2".to_string()]);
    }

    // Nothing carries an .ecx: there is no index to rebuild the shards against,
    // so the caller answers with an empty rebuild rather than guessing.
    #[test]
    fn select_rebuild_location_is_none_without_an_ecx() {
        let infos = vec![loc("/data1", "/idx1", 3, false)];
        assert!(select_rebuild_location(&infos).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_grpc_address_with_explicit_grpc_port() {
        // Format: "ip:port.grpcPort" — used by SeaweedFS for source_data_node
        let result = parse_grpc_address("192.168.1.66:8080.18080").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, "192.168.1.66:18080");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_grpc_address_with_implicit_grpc_port() {
        // Format: "ip:port" — grpc port = port + 10000
        let result = parse_grpc_address("192.168.1.66:8080").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, "192.168.1.66:18080");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_grpc_address_localhost() {
        let result = parse_grpc_address("localhost:9333").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, "localhost:19333");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_grpc_address_with_ipv4_dots() {
        // Regression: naive split on '.' breaks on IP addresses
        let result = parse_grpc_address("10.0.0.1:8080.18080").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, "10.0.0.1:18080");

        let result = parse_grpc_address("10.0.0.1:8080").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result, "10.0.0.1:18080");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_grpc_address_invalid() {
        assert!(parse_grpc_address("no-colon").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_volume_is_remote_only_requires_missing_local_dat_file() {
        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let dat_path = temp_dir.path().join("1.dat");
        std::fs::write(&dat_path, b"dat").unwrap();

        assert!(!volume_is_remote_only(dat_path.to_str().unwrap(), true));
        assert!(!volume_is_remote_only(dat_path.to_str().unwrap(), false));

        std::fs::remove_file(&dat_path).unwrap();

        assert!(volume_is_remote_only(dat_path.to_str().unwrap(), true));
        assert!(!volume_is_remote_only(dat_path.to_str().unwrap(), false));
    }

    fn spawn_fake_s3_server(
        body: Vec<u8>,
    ) -> (
        String,
        tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
        std::sync::Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    ) {
        use axum::http::{header, HeaderMap, HeaderValue, Method, StatusCode};
        use axum::routing::any;
        use axum::Router;
        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};

        let body = Arc::new(body);
        let delete_count = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let delete_count_handler = delete_count.clone();
        let listener = std::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
        let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
        listener.set_nonblocking(true).unwrap();
        let (shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel::<()>();
        let (ready_tx, ready_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<()>();

        std::thread::spawn(move || {
            let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
                .enable_all()
                .build()
                .unwrap();
            runtime.block_on(async move {
                let app = Router::new().fallback(any(move |method: Method, headers: HeaderMap| {
                    let body = body.clone();
                    let delete_count = delete_count_handler.clone();
                    async move {
                        if method == Method::DELETE {
                            delete_count.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                        }
                        let bytes = body.as_ref();
                        if let Some(range) = headers
                            .get(header::RANGE)
                            .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
                            && let Some(range_value) = range.strip_prefix("bytes=")
                        {
                            let mut parts = range_value.splitn(2, '-');
                            let start = parts
                                .next()
                                .and_then(|value| value.parse::<usize>().ok())
                                .unwrap_or(0);
                            let end = parts
                                .next()
                                .and_then(|value| value.parse::<usize>().ok())
                                .unwrap_or_else(|| bytes.len().saturating_sub(1));
                            let start = start.min(bytes.len());
                            let end = end.min(bytes.len().saturating_sub(1));
                            let payload = if start > end || start >= bytes.len() {
                                Vec::new()
                            } else {
                                bytes[start..=end].to_vec()
                            };
                            let mut response_headers = HeaderMap::new();
                            response_headers.insert(
                                header::CONTENT_RANGE,
                                HeaderValue::from_str(&format!(
                                    "bytes {}-{}/{}",
                                    start,
                                    end,
                                    bytes.len()
                                ))
                                .unwrap(),
                            );
                            response_headers.insert(
                                header::CONTENT_LENGTH,
                                HeaderValue::from_str(&payload.len().to_string()).unwrap(),
                            );
                            return (StatusCode::PARTIAL_CONTENT, response_headers, payload);
                        }

                        let mut response_headers = HeaderMap::new();
                        response_headers.insert(
                            header::CONTENT_LENGTH,
                            HeaderValue::from_str(&bytes.len().to_string()).unwrap(),
                        );
                        (StatusCode::OK, response_headers, bytes.to_vec())
                    }
                }));

                let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::from_std(listener).unwrap();
                let _ = ready_tx.send(());
                axum::serve(listener, app)
                    .with_graceful_shutdown(async move {
                        let _ = shutdown_rx.await;
                    })
                    .await
                    .unwrap();
            });
        });

        // Wait for the server thread to be ready before returning.
        ready_rx.recv().unwrap();
        (format!("http://{}", addr), shutdown_tx, delete_count)
    }

    fn make_remote_only_service(
        backend_id: &str,
    ) -> (
        VolumeGrpcService,
        TempDir,
        tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
        Vec<u8>,
        u64,
        std::sync::Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize>,
    ) {
        let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let dir = tmp.path().to_str().unwrap();

        let (dat_bytes, super_block_size) = {
            let mut volume = crate::storage::volume::Volume::new(
                dir,
                dir,
                VolumeId(1),
                NeedleMapKind::InMemory,
                &crate::storage::volume::VolumeSpec::default(),
            )
            .unwrap();
            let mut needle = Needle {
                id: NeedleId(7),
                cookie: Cookie(0x7788),
                data: b"remote-incremental-copy".to_vec(),
                data_size: "remote-incremental-copy".len() as u32,
                ..Needle::default()
            };
            volume.write_needle(&mut needle, true, false).unwrap();
            volume.sync_to_disk().unwrap();
            (
                std::fs::read(volume.file_name(".dat")).unwrap(),
                volume.super_block.block_size() as u64,
            )
        };

        let dat_path = format!("{}/1.dat", dir);
        std::fs::remove_file(&dat_path).unwrap();

        let (endpoint, shutdown_tx, delete_count) = spawn_fake_s3_server(dat_bytes.clone());
        // Use a test-specific backend_id to avoid racing with other tests
        // that share the global registry.  Never call clear() — only
        // register/remove our own entries.
        let tier_config = S3TierConfig {
            access_key: "access".to_string(),
            secret_key: "secret".to_string(),
            region: "us-east-1".to_string(),
            bucket: "bucket-a".to_string(),
            endpoint,
            storage_class: "STANDARD".to_string(),
            force_path_style: true,
        };
        {
            let mut registry = global_s3_tier_registry().write().unwrap();
            registry.register(
                format!("s3.{}", backend_id),
                S3TierBackend::new(&tier_config),
            );
        }

        let vif = crate::storage::volume::VifVolumeInfo {
            files: vec![crate::storage::volume::VifRemoteFile {
                backend_type: "s3".to_string(),
                backend_id: backend_id.to_string(),
                key: "remote-key".to_string(),
                offset: 0,
                file_size: dat_bytes.len() as u64,
                modified_time: 123,
                extension: ".dat".to_string(),
            }],
            version: Version::current().0 as u32,
            bytes_offset: crate::storage::types::OFFSET_SIZE as u32,
            dat_file_size: dat_bytes.len() as i64,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        std::fs::write(
            format!("{}/1.vif", dir),
            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&vif).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        let mut store = Store::new(NeedleMapKind::InMemory);
        store
            .add_location(
                dir,
                dir,
                10,
                DiskType::HardDrive,
                MinFreeSpace::Percent(1.0),
                Vec::new(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        let state = Arc::new(VolumeServerState {
            store: RwLock::new(store),
            guard: RwLock::new(Guard::new(
                &[],
                SigningKey(vec![]),
                0,
                SigningKey(vec![]),
                0,
            )),
            is_stopping: RwLock::new(false),
            maintenance: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false),
            state_version: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0),
            concurrent_upload_limit: 0,
            concurrent_download_limit: 0,
            inflight_upload_data_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
            inflight_download_data_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
            inflight_upload_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
            inflight_download_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
            upload_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            download_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            data_center: String::new(),
            rack: String::new(),
            file_size_limit_bytes: 0,
            maintenance_byte_per_second: 0,
            is_heartbeating: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(true),
            has_master: false,
            pre_stop_seconds: 0,
            volume_state_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            write_queue: std::sync::OnceLock::new(),
            s3_tier_registry: std::sync::RwLock::new({
                // The tier-down handler resolves the backend from the per-server
                // registry, so register it here too (reads use the global one).
                let mut reg = crate::remote_storage::s3_tier::S3TierRegistry::new();
                reg.register(
                    format!("s3.{}", backend_id),
                    S3TierBackend::new(&tier_config),
                );
                reg
            }),
            read_mode: crate::config::ReadMode::Local,
            allow_untrusted_remote_endpoints: false,
            master_url: String::new(),
            master_urls: Vec::new(),
            seed_master_set: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            current_master_url: tokio::sync::RwLock::new(String::new()),
            self_url: String::new(),
            http_client: reqwest::Client::new(),
            outgoing_http_scheme: "http".to_string(),
            outgoing_grpc_tls: None,
            metrics_runtime: std::sync::RwLock::new(
                crate::server::volume_server::RuntimeMetricsConfig::default(),
            ),
            metrics_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            fix_jpg_orientation: false,
            has_slow_read: false,
            read_buffer_size_bytes: 1024 * 1024,
            security_file: String::new(),
            cli_white_list: vec![],
            state_file_path: String::new(),
        });

        (
            VolumeGrpcService { state },
            tmp,
            shutdown_tx,
            dat_bytes,
            super_block_size,
            delete_count,
        )
    }

    fn make_local_service_with_volume(
        collection: &str,
        ttl: Option<crate::storage::needle::ttl::TTL>,
    ) -> (VolumeGrpcService, TempDir) {
        let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let dir = tmp.path().to_str().unwrap();

        let mut store = Store::new(NeedleMapKind::InMemory);
        store
            .add_location(
                dir,
                dir,
                10,
                DiskType::HardDrive,
                MinFreeSpace::Percent(1.0),
                Vec::new(),
            )
            .unwrap();
        store
            .add_volume(
                VolumeId(1),
                DiskType::HardDrive,
                &VolumeSpec {
                    collection,
                    ttl,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            )
            .unwrap();
        {
            let (_, volume) = store.find_volume_mut(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            let mut needle = Needle {
                id: NeedleId(11),
                cookie: Cookie(0x3344),
                data: b"ec-generate".to_vec(),
                data_size: b"ec-generate".len() as u32,
                ..Needle::default()
            };
            volume.write_needle(&mut needle, true, false).unwrap();
            volume.sync_to_disk().unwrap();
        }

        let state = Arc::new(VolumeServerState {
            store: RwLock::new(store),
            guard: RwLock::new(Guard::new(
                &[],
                SigningKey(vec![]),
                0,
                SigningKey(vec![]),
                0,
            )),
            is_stopping: RwLock::new(false),
            maintenance: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false),
            state_version: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0),
            concurrent_upload_limit: 0,
            concurrent_download_limit: 0,
            inflight_upload_data_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
            inflight_download_data_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
            inflight_upload_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
            inflight_download_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
            upload_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            download_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            data_center: String::new(),
            rack: String::new(),
            file_size_limit_bytes: 0,
            maintenance_byte_per_second: 0,
            is_heartbeating: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(true),
            has_master: false,
            pre_stop_seconds: 0,
            volume_state_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            write_queue: std::sync::OnceLock::new(),
            s3_tier_registry: std::sync::RwLock::new(
                crate::remote_storage::s3_tier::S3TierRegistry::new(),
            ),
            read_mode: crate::config::ReadMode::Local,
            allow_untrusted_remote_endpoints: false,
            master_url: String::new(),
            master_urls: Vec::new(),
            seed_master_set: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            current_master_url: tokio::sync::RwLock::new(String::new()),
            self_url: String::new(),
            http_client: reqwest::Client::new(),
            outgoing_http_scheme: "http".to_string(),
            outgoing_grpc_tls: None,
            metrics_runtime: std::sync::RwLock::new(
                crate::server::volume_server::RuntimeMetricsConfig::default(),
            ),
            metrics_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            fix_jpg_orientation: false,
            has_slow_read: false,
            read_buffer_size_bytes: 1024 * 1024,
            security_file: String::new(),
            cli_white_list: vec![],
            state_file_path: String::new(),
        });

        (VolumeGrpcService { state }, tmp)
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_volume_consolidate_index_rpc() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("consolidate_rpc", None);

        // Carry a peer address so the admin gate sees a caller; the test guard
        // has an empty whitelist, so any peer is accepted.
        let mut request =
            Request::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeConsolidateIndexRequest { volume_id: 1 });
        request
            .extensions_mut()
            .insert(tonic::transport::server::TcpConnectInfo {
                local_addr: None,
                remote_addr: Some("127.0.0.1:65000".parse().unwrap()),
            });

        service.volume_consolidate_index(request).await.unwrap();

        // Data and index share a directory here, so there is nothing to move;
        // the volume stays mounted and keeps its needle.
        let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
        let (_, v) = store.find_volume(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(v.file_count(), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_volume_incremental_copy_streams_remote_only_volume_data() {
        let (service, _tmp, shutdown_tx, dat_bytes, super_block_size, _delete_count) =
            make_remote_only_service("incr_copy_test");

        let response = service
            .volume_incremental_copy(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeIncrementalCopyRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    since_ns: 0,
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = response.into_inner();
        let mut copied = Vec::new();
        while let Some(message) = stream.next().await {
            copied.extend_from_slice(&message.unwrap().file_content);
        }

        assert_eq!(copied, dat_bytes[super_block_size as usize..]);

        let _ = shutdown_tx.send(());
        global_s3_tier_registry()
            .write()
            .unwrap()
            .remove("s3.incr_copy_test");
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_tier_move_from_remote_swaps_to_local_and_deletes_object() {
        let (service, tmp, shutdown_tx, dat_bytes, _super_block_size, delete_count) =
            make_remote_only_service("tier_down_delete");
        let dat_path = format!("{}/1.dat", tmp.path().to_str().unwrap());
        assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&dat_path).exists());

        let mut stream = service
            .volume_tier_move_dat_from_remote(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    collection: String::new(),
                    keep_remote_dat_file: false,
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_inner();
        while let Some(message) = stream.next().await {
            message.unwrap();
        }

        // The downloaded .dat is on local disk and matches the remote bytes.
        assert!(std::path::Path::new(&dat_path).exists());
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&dat_path).unwrap(), dat_bytes);

        // The volume now serves from local disk with no remote reference.
        {
            let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, vol) = store.find_volume(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            assert!(!vol.has_remote_file);
            assert!(vol.volume_info.files.is_empty());
            assert!(vol.has_data_backend());
        }

        // The shared remote object was deleted exactly once.
        assert_eq!(delete_count.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst), 1);

        let _ = shutdown_tx.send(());
        global_s3_tier_registry()
            .write()
            .unwrap()
            .remove("s3.tier_down_delete");
    }

    // The progress callback is the only thing a tier transfer polls, so it is
    // the only place a departing caller can be noticed. Go gives it an error
    // return for exactly this (s3_upload.go:99, s3_download.go:84); this checks
    // the Rust port now honours one.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_download_file_aborts_when_the_progress_callback_fails() {
        let (service, tmp, shutdown_tx, _dat_bytes, _super_block_size, _delete_count) =
            make_remote_only_service("tier_progress_abort");
        let backend = global_s3_tier_registry()
            .read()
            .unwrap()
            .get("s3.tier_progress_abort")
            .expect("backend registered");
        let dest = format!("{}/aborted.dat", tmp.path().to_str().unwrap());

        let err = backend
            .download_file(&dest, "remote-key", |_, _| Err("caller gone".to_string()))
            .await
            .expect_err("a failing progress callback must abort the download");
        assert!(err.contains("caller gone"), "unexpected error: {}", err);

        drop(service);
        let _ = shutdown_tx.send(());
        global_s3_tier_registry()
            .write()
            .unwrap()
            .remove("s3.tier_progress_abort");
    }

    // An abandoned tier-down must leave the volume exactly as it found it. The
    // partial .dat matters most: download_file pre-allocates the destination to
    // the object's full size, this handler refuses to run while a local .dat
    // exists, and a restart would load that file as the volume's data -- so a
    // leftover wedges every retry on "already on local disk" and corrupts the
    // volume on the way.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 4)]
    async fn test_tier_move_from_remote_cancelled_leaves_the_volume_untouched() {
        let (service, tmp, shutdown_tx, _dat_bytes, _super_block_size, delete_count) =
            make_remote_only_service("tier_down_cancel");
        let dat_path = format!("{}/1.dat", tmp.path().to_str().unwrap());
        assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&dat_path).exists());

        let response = service
            .volume_tier_move_dat_from_remote(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    collection: String::new(),
                    keep_remote_dat_file: false,
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // The caller hangs up: dropping the response drops the receiving half
        // of the channel, which is all a cancelled RPC amounts to here.
        drop(response);

        for _ in 0..60 {
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
            assert!(
                !std::path::Path::new(&dat_path).exists(),
                "abandoned tier-down left a local .dat behind"
            );
        }

        {
            let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, vol) = store.find_volume(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            assert!(
                vol.has_remote_file,
                "abandoned tier-down published the transition to local"
            );
            assert!(!vol.volume_info.files.is_empty());
        }
        assert_eq!(
            delete_count.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst),
            0,
            "abandoned tier-down deleted the shared remote object"
        );

        let _ = shutdown_tx.send(());
        global_s3_tier_registry()
            .write()
            .unwrap()
            .remove("s3.tier_down_cancel");
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_tier_move_from_remote_keep_remote_still_swaps_to_local() {
        let (service, tmp, shutdown_tx, dat_bytes, _super_block_size, delete_count) =
            make_remote_only_service("tier_down_keep");
        let dat_path = format!("{}/1.dat", tmp.path().to_str().unwrap());

        let mut stream = service
            .volume_tier_move_dat_from_remote(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeTierMoveDatFromRemoteRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    collection: String::new(),
                    keep_remote_dat_file: true,
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_inner();
        while let Some(message) = stream.next().await {
            message.unwrap();
        }

        // Even when the shared remote object is kept for other replicas, this
        // replica swaps to its freshly downloaded local .dat and drops its
        // remote reference.
        assert!(std::path::Path::new(&dat_path).exists());
        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&dat_path).unwrap(), dat_bytes);
        {
            let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, vol) = store.find_volume(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            assert!(!vol.has_remote_file);
            assert!(vol.volume_info.files.is_empty());
            assert!(vol.has_data_backend());
        }

        // The shared remote object is kept for the surviving replicas.
        assert_eq!(delete_count.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst), 0);

        let _ = shutdown_tx.send(());
        global_s3_tier_registry()
            .write()
            .unwrap()
            .remove("s3.tier_down_keep");
    }

    /// Build a local service whose volume has a `.dat` large enough to span
    /// several 2MB copy chunks, so the streaming copy paths are exercised
    /// across multiple messages rather than a single buffer.
    fn make_local_service_with_large_volume() -> (VolumeGrpcService, TempDir, Vec<u8>) {
        let (service, tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);
        {
            let mut store = service.state.store.write().unwrap();
            let (_, v) = store.find_volume_mut(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            // Non-uniform payload so reassembly catches duplicated or reordered
            // chunks that a repeated byte would hide.
            let payload: Vec<u8> = (0..5 * 1024 * 1024usize)
                .map(|i| (i as u8).wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(7))
                .collect();
            let mut needle = Needle {
                id: NeedleId(99),
                cookie: Cookie(0x1122),
                data_size: payload.len() as u32,
                data: payload,
                ..Needle::default()
            };
            v.write_needle(&mut needle, true, false).unwrap();
            v.sync_to_disk().unwrap();
        }
        let dat_path = {
            let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, v) = store.find_volume(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            v.file_name(".dat")
        };
        let dat_bytes = std::fs::read(&dat_path).unwrap();
        (service, tmp, dat_bytes)
    }

    // Serve a VolumeGrpcService over a real gRPC endpoint. VolumeCopy dials its
    // source_data_node rather than calling in process, so a cancellation test
    // needs a source that is reachable over the wire.
    async fn serve_source(service: VolumeGrpcService) -> (u16, tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>) {
        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
        let port = listener.local_addr().unwrap().port();
        let (shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel::<()>();
        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let _ = tonic::transport::Server::builder()
                .add_service(
                    crate::pb::volume_server_pb::volume_server_server::VolumeServerServer::new(
                        service,
                    ),
                )
                .serve_with_incoming_shutdown(
                    tokio_stream::wrappers::TcpListenerStream::new(listener),
                    async {
                        let _ = shutdown_rx.await;
                    },
                )
                .await;
        });
        (port, shutdown_tx)
    }

    // The transfer itself must notice a caller that has gone, with no progress
    // report to carry the news. The first report is 128MB in, so for anything
    // smaller -- the ordinary case for a balance move -- the send result says
    // nothing and only the closed channel does.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 4)]
    async fn test_copy_file_from_source_stops_when_the_caller_is_gone() {
        let (source_service, _source_tmp, dat_bytes) = make_local_service_with_large_volume();
        assert!(
            dat_bytes.len() > 2 * 1024 * 1024,
            "fixture must span several 2MB chunks"
        );
        let (port, _shutdown) = serve_source(source_service).await;

        let channel = tonic::transport::Endpoint::from_shared(format!("http://127.0.0.1:{}", port))
            .unwrap()
            .connect()
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let mut client = volume_server_pb::volume_server_client::VolumeServerClient::new(channel)
            .max_decoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
            .max_encoding_message_size(GRPC_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE);

        let dest_tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let dest_path = format!("{}/copied.dat", dest_tmp.path().to_str().unwrap());

        let (tx, rx) =
            tokio::sync::mpsc::channel::<Result<volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyResponse, Status>>(16);
        drop(rx); // exactly what a client hanging up does to the sender

        let mut next_report_target: i64 = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
        let mut throttler = WriteThrottler::new(0);
        let err = copy_file_from_source(
            &mut client,
            &CopyFileSpec {
                is_ec_volume: false,
                collection: "",
                volume_id: 1,
                compaction_revision: u32::MAX,
                stop_offset: dat_bytes.len() as u64,
                dest_path: &dest_path,
                ext: ".dat",
                is_append: false,
                ignore_source_not_found: true,
                report_progress: true,
            },
            &mut CopyProgress {
                tx: &tx,
                next_report_target: &mut next_report_target,
                report_interval: 128 * 1024 * 1024,
                throttler: &mut throttler,
            },
        )
        .await
        .expect_err("a copy whose caller is gone must not run to completion");
        // Cancellation must surface as Status::cancelled, not Status::internal:
        // the spawn's error branch classifies on the code, so an Internal here
        // would be logged as a generic failure instead of "abandoned by caller".
        assert_eq!(
            err.code(),
            tonic::Code::Cancelled,
            "expected Cancelled, got {:?}: {}",
            err.code(),
            err
        );
        assert!(
            err.message().contains("cancelled by caller"),
            "unexpected error: {}",
            err
        );

        let copied = std::fs::metadata(&dest_path).map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0);
        assert!(
            copied < dat_bytes.len() as u64,
            "copy should have stopped short, wrote {} of {} bytes",
            copied,
            dat_bytes.len()
        );
    }

    // An abandoned VolumeCopy must leave nothing behind: no mounted volume (its
    // index cache would be held for the life of the process, and under
    // replication=000 the cluster would carry one volume id on two writable
    // servers), and none of the partial files or the .note, which fails the
    // volume load on the next restart.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 4)]
    async fn test_volume_copy_cancelled_by_caller_mounts_nothing_and_cleans_up() {
        let (source_service, _source_tmp, _dat_bytes) = make_local_service_with_large_volume();
        let (port, _shutdown) = serve_source(source_service).await;

        let (dest_service, dest_tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);
        {
            let mut store = dest_service.state.store.write().unwrap();
            store.delete_volume(VolumeId(1), false, false).unwrap();
            // available_space is filled in by the periodic disk check, which
            // does not run in a unit test; without it VolumeCopy finds no
            // location with room and never gets as far as copying.
            for loc in &store.locations {
                loc.check_disk_space();
            }
        }
        let dest_dir = dest_tmp.path().to_str().unwrap().to_string();
        let dest_file = |ext: &str| format!("{}/1{}", dest_dir, ext);
        assert!(
            !std::path::Path::new(&dest_file(".dat")).exists(),
            "destination must start without the volume for this test to mean anything"
        );

        let response = dest_service
            .volume_copy(Request::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                collection: String::new(),
                source_data_node: format!("127.0.0.1:1.{}", port),
                disk_type: String::new(),
                io_byte_per_second: 0,
                replication: String::new(),
                ttl: String::new(),
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // The caller hangs up. Dropping the response drops the receiving half of
        // the channel, which is all a cancelled RPC amounts to on this side.
        drop(response);

        // Give the copy longer than it would need to finish, and hold it to the
        // assertion throughout rather than only at the end.
        for _ in 0..100 {
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
            let store = dest_service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            assert!(
                store.find_volume(VolumeId(1)).is_none(),
                "destination mounted a volume whose copy was abandoned"
            );
        }

        for ext in [".dat", ".idx", ".vif", ".note"] {
            assert!(
                !std::path::Path::new(&dest_file(ext)).exists(),
                "abandoned copy left {} behind",
                dest_file(ext)
            );
        }
    }

    // If the caller departs in the narrow window between the pre-mount
    // is_closed() check and the final tx.send, the volume is already mounted
    // when the send fails. The task must roll back that mount — not just unlink
    // the files — or the destination carries the volume's index cache for the
    // life of the process.
    //
    // Reaching that window black-box needs a seam. The one the code already
    // offers is the store write lock: the test takes it immediately after
    // volume_copy returns, so the spawned task runs the copy to completion with
    // the caller still attached, passes the pre-mount is_closed() check, then
    // parks entering the mount block (state.store.write() blocks on the test's
    // guard). The test then drops the response — the caller is gone — and
    // releases the guard. The task acquires the lock, mounts, fails the final
    // tx.send (receiver dropped), and must roll back via the error branch's
    // delete_volume. Without the lock seam the task sees is_closed() at its
    // very first check and returns before mount_volume, exercising the wrong
    // path — the test would be green for the wrong reason.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 4)]
    #[expect(
        clippy::await_holding_lock,
        clippy::readonly_write_lock,
        reason = "the store write guard is a barrier that parks the copy task at the mount block"
    )]
    async fn test_volume_copy_after_mount_cancellation_rolls_back_mount() {
        let (source_service, _source_tmp, _dat_bytes) = make_local_service_with_large_volume();
        let (port, _shutdown) = serve_source(source_service).await;

        let (dest_service, dest_tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);
        {
            let mut store = dest_service.state.store.write().unwrap();
            store.delete_volume(VolumeId(1), false, false).unwrap();
            for loc in &store.locations {
                loc.check_disk_space();
            }
        }
        let dest_dir = dest_tmp.path().to_str().unwrap().to_string();
        let dest_file = |ext: &str| format!("{}/1{}", dest_dir, ext);

        let response = dest_service
            .volume_copy(Request::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeCopyRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                collection: String::new(),
                source_data_node: format!("127.0.0.1:1.{}", port),
                disk_type: String::new(),
                io_byte_per_second: 0,
                replication: String::new(),
                ttl: String::new(),
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // Hold the store write lock so the task parks at the mount block after
        // completing the copy and passing the pre-mount is_closed() check.
        let store_guard = dest_service.state.store.write().unwrap();

        // Give the copy time to complete and the task to reach the mount block.
        // The 5 MB fixture copies in well under a second on a local loopback
        // gRPC connection; 2 s is generous and keeps the test fast.
        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2)).await;

        // The caller hangs up while the task is parked at the mount block.
        drop(response);

        // Release the store lock so the task can enter the mount block, mount,
        // fail the final send, and roll back.
        drop(store_guard);

        // Wait for the rollback to finish.
        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;

        let store = dest_service.state.store.read().unwrap();
        assert!(
            store.find_volume(VolumeId(1)).is_none(),
            "destination still holds a mounted volume after after-mount cancellation"
        );
        drop(store);

        for ext in [".dat", ".idx", ".vif", ".note"] {
            assert!(
                !std::path::Path::new(&dest_file(ext)).exists(),
                "abandoned copy left {} behind",
                dest_file(ext)
            );
        }
    }

    // copy_file must stream the whole .dat in 2MB chunks (not buffer it) and
    // reassemble byte-for-byte, with the mtime carried only on the first message.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_copy_file_streams_full_dat_in_chunks() {
        let (service, _tmp, dat_bytes) = make_local_service_with_large_volume();
        let stop_offset = dat_bytes.len() as u64;
        assert!(
            stop_offset > 2 * 1024 * 1024u64,
            "fixture must exceed one 2MB chunk"
        );

        let response = service
            .copy_file(Request::new(volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                ext: ".dat".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: u32::MAX,
                stop_offset,
                collection: String::new(),
                is_ec_volume: false,
                ignore_source_file_not_found: false,
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = response.into_inner();
        let mut messages = Vec::new();
        while let Some(m) = stream.next().await {
            messages.push(m.unwrap());
        }

        assert!(
            messages.len() >= 2,
            "expected multiple streamed chunks, got {}",
            messages.len()
        );
        assert_ne!(messages[0].modified_ts_ns, 0);
        assert!(messages[1..].iter().all(|m| m.modified_ts_ns == 0));

        let copied: Vec<u8> = messages
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|m| m.file_content.clone())
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(copied, dat_bytes);
    }

    // copy_file must stop exactly at stop_offset, never streaming past it.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_copy_file_respects_stop_offset() {
        let (service, _tmp, dat_bytes) = make_local_service_with_large_volume();
        let stop_offset = dat_bytes.len() as u64 - 100;

        let response = service
            .copy_file(Request::new(volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                ext: ".dat".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: u32::MAX,
                stop_offset,
                collection: String::new(),
                is_ec_volume: false,
                ignore_source_file_not_found: false,
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = response.into_inner();
        let mut copied = Vec::new();
        while let Some(m) = stream.next().await {
            copied.extend_from_slice(&m.unwrap().file_content);
        }

        assert_eq!(copied.len() as u64, stop_offset);
        assert_eq!(copied, dat_bytes[..stop_offset as usize]);
    }

    // volume_incremental_copy must stream a local volume from the super block
    // to EOF in chunks, reassembling byte-for-byte.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_volume_incremental_copy_streams_local_volume_in_chunks() {
        let (service, _tmp, dat_bytes) = make_local_service_with_large_volume();
        let super_block_size = {
            let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let (_, v) = store.find_volume(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            v.super_block.block_size() as u64
        };

        let response = service
            .volume_incremental_copy(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeIncrementalCopyRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    since_ns: 0,
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let mut stream = response.into_inner();
        let mut messages = Vec::new();
        while let Some(m) = stream.next().await {
            messages.push(m.unwrap());
        }

        assert!(
            messages.len() >= 2,
            "expected multiple streamed chunks, got {}",
            messages.len()
        );
        let copied: Vec<u8> = messages
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|m| m.file_content.clone())
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(copied, dat_bytes[super_block_size as usize..]);
    }

    /// Build a bare-bones service with no on-disk store but a configurable
    /// seed master set, for Ping admission tests. Matches the structure of
    /// `make_local_service_with_volume` minus the volume bits.
    fn make_service_with_seed_masters(seeds: &[&str]) -> (VolumeGrpcService, TempDir) {
        let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let dir = tmp.path().to_str().unwrap();

        let mut store = Store::new(NeedleMapKind::InMemory);
        store
            .add_location(
                dir,
                dir,
                10,
                DiskType::HardDrive,
                MinFreeSpace::Percent(1.0),
                Vec::new(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        let master_urls: Vec<String> = seeds.iter().map(|s| (*s).to_string()).collect();
        let seed_master_set =
            crate::server::volume_server::VolumeServerState::build_seed_master_set(&master_urls);

        let state = Arc::new(VolumeServerState {
            store: RwLock::new(store),
            guard: RwLock::new(Guard::new(
                &[],
                SigningKey(vec![]),
                0,
                SigningKey(vec![]),
                0,
            )),
            is_stopping: RwLock::new(false),
            maintenance: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false),
            state_version: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0),
            concurrent_upload_limit: 0,
            concurrent_download_limit: 0,
            inflight_upload_data_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
            inflight_download_data_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
            inflight_upload_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
            inflight_download_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
            upload_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            download_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            data_center: String::new(),
            rack: String::new(),
            file_size_limit_bytes: 0,
            maintenance_byte_per_second: 0,
            is_heartbeating: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(true),
            has_master: false,
            pre_stop_seconds: 0,
            volume_state_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            write_queue: std::sync::OnceLock::new(),
            s3_tier_registry: std::sync::RwLock::new(
                crate::remote_storage::s3_tier::S3TierRegistry::new(),
            ),
            read_mode: crate::config::ReadMode::Local,
            allow_untrusted_remote_endpoints: false,
            master_url: master_urls.first().cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
            master_urls,
            seed_master_set,
            current_master_url: tokio::sync::RwLock::new(String::new()),
            self_url: String::new(),
            http_client: reqwest::Client::new(),
            outgoing_http_scheme: "http".to_string(),
            outgoing_grpc_tls: None,
            metrics_runtime: std::sync::RwLock::new(
                crate::server::volume_server::RuntimeMetricsConfig::default(),
            ),
            metrics_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            fix_jpg_orientation: false,
            has_slow_read: false,
            read_buffer_size_bytes: 1024 * 1024,
            security_file: String::new(),
            cli_white_list: vec![],
            state_file_path: String::new(),
        });

        (VolumeGrpcService { state }, tmp)
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ping_empty_target_is_self_probe() {
        // Empty target stays unauthenticated and returns Ok with timing fields
        // populated — it is the local liveness probe path.
        let (service, _tmp) = make_service_with_seed_masters(&[]);
        let response = service
            .ping(Request::new(volume_server_pb::PingRequest {
                target: String::new(),
                target_type: String::new(),
            }))
            .await
            .expect("empty target ping must succeed");
        let inner = response.into_inner();
        assert!(inner.start_time_ns > 0);
        assert!(inner.stop_time_ns >= inner.start_time_ns);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ping_seed_master_target_passes_admission() {
        // A target that matches a configured seed master clears admission.
        // The dial itself may or may not succeed depending on what's listening
        // on the loopback; either way, the response must not be the
        // InvalidArgument the gate would surface.
        let (service, _tmp) = make_service_with_seed_masters(&["localhost:9333"]);
        let result = service
            .ping(Request::new(volume_server_pb::PingRequest {
                target: "localhost:9333".to_string(),
                target_type: "master".to_string(),
            }))
            .await;
        if let Err(err) = result {
            assert_ne!(err.code(), tonic::Code::InvalidArgument, "got {err:?}");
            assert!(
                !err.message().contains("unknown ping target"),
                "admission gate should have allowed this target: {}",
                err.message()
            );
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ping_unknown_master_target_rejected() {
        // A master-type target not in the seed list and not the current
        // master is refused with InvalidArgument.
        let (service, _tmp) = make_service_with_seed_masters(&["localhost:9333"]);
        let err = service
            .ping(Request::new(volume_server_pb::PingRequest {
                target: "localhost:9999".to_string(),
                target_type: "master".to_string(),
            }))
            .await
            .expect_err("unknown master target must be rejected");
        assert_eq!(err.code(), tonic::Code::InvalidArgument);
        assert_eq!(
            err.message(),
            "unknown ping target localhost:9999 of type master"
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ping_volume_server_target_always_rejected() {
        // Volume servers do not maintain a peer-volume list, so volumeServer
        // pings are refused regardless of address.
        let (service, _tmp) = make_service_with_seed_masters(&["localhost:9333"]);
        let err = service
            .ping(Request::new(volume_server_pb::PingRequest {
                target: "localhost:8080".to_string(),
                target_type: "volumeServer".to_string(),
            }))
            .await
            .expect_err("volumeServer target must be rejected");
        assert_eq!(err.code(), tonic::Code::InvalidArgument);
        assert_eq!(
            err.message(),
            "unknown ping target localhost:8080 of type volumeServer"
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ping_current_master_target_passes_admission() {
        // A target that matches the current (post-leader-change) master also
        // clears admission, even if it is not in the seed list. Pick a port
        // that is extremely unlikely to be live so the test does not flake on
        // a developer machine that happens to be running a real master.
        let (service, _tmp) = make_service_with_seed_masters(&["localhost:9333"]);
        // Simulate the heartbeat goroutine having moved to a new leader.
        *service.state.current_master_url.write().await = "127.0.0.1:1".to_string();

        let result = service
            .ping(Request::new(volume_server_pb::PingRequest {
                target: "127.0.0.1:1".to_string(),
                target_type: "master".to_string(),
            }))
            .await;
        if let Err(err) = result {
            assert_ne!(err.code(), tonic::Code::InvalidArgument, "got {err:?}");
            assert!(
                !err.message().contains("unknown ping target"),
                "leader-change master should be admitted: {}",
                err.message()
            );
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ping_target_with_grpc_port_suffix_is_normalised() {
        // Seed masters in pb.ServerAddress form (`host:port.grpcPort`) must
        // match a Ping target sent in plain `host:port` form, since the gate
        // normalises both sides through to_http_address.
        let (service, _tmp) = make_service_with_seed_masters(&["localhost:9333.19333"]);
        let result = service
            .ping(Request::new(volume_server_pb::PingRequest {
                target: "localhost:9333".to_string(),
                target_type: "master".to_string(),
            }))
            .await;
        if let Err(err) = result {
            assert_ne!(err.code(), tonic::Code::InvalidArgument, "got {err:?}");
        }
    }

    // Regression test for comparing the wrong compaction-revision field.
    // last_compact_revision() is bookkeeping recorded just before a compaction
    // starts (for makeup-diff catch-up) and is intentionally left behind
    // super_block.compaction_revision once the compaction commits. copy_file's
    // precondition check must compare against the live super_block value
    // (matching Go's v.CompactionRevision), not the stale bookkeeping one, or
    // it fails "volume N is compacted" on every volume that has ever been
    // compacted even once.
    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
    async fn test_copy_file_accepts_live_revision_after_compaction() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);

        // Drive a real compaction to completion so the two revision fields
        // actually diverge the way they do in production, rather than poking
        // the struct fields directly.
        let (revision_before, revision_after, last_compact_revision_after) = {
            let mut store = service.state.store.write().unwrap();
            let (_, v) = store.find_volume_mut(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            let before = v.super_block.compaction_revision;

            v.compact_by_index(0, 0, |_| true).unwrap();
            v.commit_compact().unwrap();

            (
                before,
                v.super_block.compaction_revision,
                v.last_compact_revision(),
            )
        };

        assert_eq!(revision_before, 0, "fresh volume starts at revision 0");
        assert_eq!(
            revision_after, 1,
            "live super_block.compaction_revision must advance after commit_compact"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            last_compact_revision_after, 0,
            "last_compact_revision() is recorded pre-compaction and must stay \
             behind the live revision — this divergence is exactly what made \
             the old check fail permanently"
        );

        // The live revision (1) must be accepted: this is what
        // read_volume_file_status would report to a caller right now.
        let response = service
            .copy_file(Request::new(volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                ext: ".dat".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: revision_after as u32,
                stop_offset: u64::MAX,
                collection: String::new(),
                is_ec_volume: false,
                ignore_source_file_not_found: false,
            }))
            .await;
        assert!(
            response.is_ok(),
            "copy_file must accept the live compaction_revision, got: {:?}",
            response.err()
        );

        // A genuinely stale/wrong revision must still be rejected — the fix
        // corrects which field is compared, it does not disable the check.
        let stale_response = service
            .copy_file(Request::new(volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                ext: ".dat".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: 99,
                stop_offset: u64::MAX,
                collection: String::new(),
                is_ec_volume: false,
                ignore_source_file_not_found: false,
            }))
            .await;
        let err = match stale_response {
            Ok(_) => panic!("a genuinely stale revision must be rejected"),
            Err(e) => e,
        };
        assert_eq!(err.code(), tonic::Code::FailedPrecondition);
        assert!(err.message().contains("is compacted"));

        // A request revision that only collides after truncating to u16 must be
        // rejected: 65537 as u16 == 1 == the live revision, but as u32 they differ.
        // Compare in u32 space (matching Go) so this cannot spuriously pass.
        let truncating_response = service
            .copy_file(Request::new(volume_server_pb::CopyFileRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                ext: ".dat".to_string(),
                compaction_revision: u32::from(revision_after) + (1 << 16),
                stop_offset: u64::MAX,
                collection: String::new(),
                is_ec_volume: false,
                ignore_source_file_not_found: false,
            }))
            .await;
        let err = match truncating_response {
            Ok(_) => panic!("a revision that only matches after u16 truncation must be rejected"),
            Err(e) => e,
        };
        assert_eq!(err.code(), tonic::Code::FailedPrecondition);
        assert!(err.message().contains("is compacted"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_volume_ec_shards_generate_persists_expire_at_sec() {
        let ttl = crate::storage::needle::ttl::TTL::read("3m").unwrap();
        let (service, tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("ttl", Some(ttl));
        let before = std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .unwrap()
            .as_secs();

        service
            .volume_ec_shards_generate(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsGenerateRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    collection: "ttl".to_string(),
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let vif_path = tmp.path().join("ttl_1.vif");
        let vif: crate::storage::volume::VifVolumeInfo =
            serde_json::from_str(&std::fs::read_to_string(vif_path).unwrap()).unwrap();
        assert!(vif.expire_at_sec >= before + ttl.to_seconds());
        assert!(vif.expire_at_sec <= before + ttl.to_seconds() + 5);
    }

    /// REGRESSION: a node-wide scrub must survive a volume that legitimately
    /// disappears while it runs.
    ///
    /// Nothing is held across the scan, so the volume set changes under the
    /// loop: the heartbeat drops a volume that reported an I/O error, and a
    /// delete or an unmount can land between any two volumes. Aborting there
    /// discards every result gathered so far and leaves every later volume
    /// unscrubbed — on a large node, one expiry costs a whole scrub pass.
    ///
    /// The absent id goes FIRST, so the assertion fails if the abort ever comes
    /// back: the volume behind it would never be reached.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_scrub_skips_a_vanished_volume_and_scrubs_the_rest() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);

        let resp = service
            .scrub_volumes(
                &volume_server_pb::ScrubVolumeRequest {
                    mode: 1,
                    volume_ids: Vec::new(),
                    mark_broken_volumes_readonly: false,
                },
                vec![VolumeId(17), VolumeId(1)],
                false,
            )
            .await
            .expect("a volume missing from the node's own listing must not fail the scrub")
            .into_inner();

        assert_eq!(
            resp.total_volumes, 1,
            "the volume behind the vanished one must still be scrubbed"
        );
    }

    /// A caller who NAMES a volume that is not here is making a mistake, not
    /// racing a teardown, and still gets told — callers match on the message.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_scrub_fails_on_an_explicitly_requested_missing_volume() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);

        let err = service
            .scrub_volumes(
                &volume_server_pb::ScrubVolumeRequest {
                    mode: 1,
                    volume_ids: vec![17],
                    mark_broken_volumes_readonly: false,
                },
                vec![VolumeId(17)],
                true,
            )
            .await
            .expect_err("an explicitly requested missing volume must still fail");

        assert_eq!(err.code(), tonic::Code::NotFound);
        assert!(err.message().contains("volume id 17 not found"), "{}", err);
    }

    /// Same rule for EC volumes, which the heartbeat also expires under a store
    /// write: delete_expired_ec_volumes destroys a volume whose destroy time has
    /// passed, and volume_ec_shards_delete unmounts one on demand.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ec_scrub_skips_a_vanished_volume_and_scrubs_the_rest() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);
        service
            .volume_ec_shards_generate(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsGenerateRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    collection: String::new(),
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        service
            .volume_ec_shards_mount(Request::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsMountRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                collection: String::new(),
                shard_ids: (0..14).collect(),
                source_disk_type: String::new(),
                recover_missing_index: false,
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let resp = service
            .scrub_ec_volumes(
                &volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeRequest {
                    mode: 1,
                    volume_ids: Vec::new(),
                    force_deleted_needles_check: false,
                },
                vec![VolumeId(17), VolumeId(1)],
                false,
            )
            .await
            .expect("an EC volume missing from the node's own listing must not fail the scrub")
            .into_inner();

        assert_eq!(
            resp.total_volumes, 1,
            "the EC volume behind the vanished one must still be scrubbed"
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_ec_scrub_fails_on_an_explicitly_requested_missing_volume() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);

        let err = service
            .scrub_ec_volumes(
                &volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeRequest {
                    mode: 1,
                    volume_ids: vec![17],
                    force_deleted_needles_check: false,
                },
                vec![VolumeId(17)],
                true,
            )
            .await
            .expect_err("an explicitly requested missing EC volume must still fail");

        assert_eq!(err.code(), tonic::Code::NotFound);
        assert!(
            err.message().contains("EC volume id 17 not found"),
            "{}",
            err
        );
    }

    async fn scrub_ec_volume_1(
        service: &VolumeGrpcService,
        mode: i32,
    ) -> volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeResponse {
        service
            .scrub_ec_volume(Request::new(volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeRequest {
                mode,
                volume_ids: vec![1],
                force_deleted_needles_check: false,
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_inner()
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_scrub_ec_volume_reads_mode_reconstructs_missing_shard() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);
        service
            .volume_ec_shards_generate(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsGenerateRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    collection: String::new(),
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        service
            .volume_ec_shards_mount(Request::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsMountRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                collection: String::new(),
                shard_ids: (0..14).collect(),
                source_disk_type: String::new(),
                recover_missing_index: false,
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // Seed the shard-location cache so the scrub skips the master lookup.
        // The explicit-gRPC-port form targets port 1, so remote reads fail fast
        // with connection-refused instead of resolving to a live local port.
        {
            let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let ecv = store.find_ec_volume(VolumeId(1)).unwrap();
            let mut locs = ecv.shard_locations.write().unwrap();
            for sid in 0u8..14 {
                locs.insert(sid, vec!["127.0.0.1:255.1".to_string()]);
            }
            *ecv.shard_locations_refresh_time.lock().unwrap() = Some(std::time::Instant::now());
        }

        // All shards local: FULL is clean.
        let resp = scrub_ec_volume_1(&service, 2).await;
        assert!(resp.broken_volume_ids.is_empty(), "{:?}", resp.details);
        assert_eq!(resp.total_files, 1);

        service
            .volume_ec_shards_unmount(Request::new(
                volume_server_pb::VolumeEcShardsUnmountRequest {
                    volume_id: 1,
                    shard_ids: vec![0],
                    encode_ts_ns: 0,
                },
            ))
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // With a shard unreadable, FULL flags it AND fails the needle...
        let resp = scrub_ec_volume_1(&service, 2).await;
        assert_eq!(resp.broken_volume_ids, vec![1]);
        assert!(resp.broken_shard_infos.iter().any(|s| s.shard_id == 0));
        assert!(!resp.details.is_empty());

        // ...while READS still reports the shard broken but reconstructs the
        // interval from the local survivors, so no needle errors surface.
        let resp = scrub_ec_volume_1(&service, 5).await;
        assert_eq!(resp.broken_volume_ids, vec![1]);
        assert!(resp.broken_shard_infos.iter().any(|s| s.shard_id == 0));
        assert!(resp.details.is_empty(), "{:?}", resp.details);
        assert_eq!(resp.total_files, 1);
    }

    /// Two locations, one vid: the split-disk / cross-disk-reconcile layout
    /// `build_split_disk_store` exercises in store_ec_reconcile.rs. Neither
    /// disk holds a `.dat`, so each disk's orphan shard survives
    /// `check_orphaned_shards` and `Store::add_location`'s automatic
    /// `reconcile_ec_shards_across_disks()` mounts it against its own disk,
    /// pointing at the sibling's `.ecx` -- the same layout a real
    /// seaweedfs/seaweedfs#9212 report produces.
    fn make_local_service_with_split_disk_ec_volume(vid_raw: u32) -> (VolumeGrpcService, TempDir) {
        SplitDiskEcFixture::new(vid_raw).build()
    }

    /// Knobs on the two-location layout above, so one fixture can produce the
    /// shapes the scrub tests need. `new()` reproduces the layout exactly as
    /// `make_local_service_with_split_disk_ec_volume` has always built it; every
    /// field is a deliberate departure from it.
    struct SplitDiskEcFixture {
        vid_raw: u32,
        /// Which shard id each disk gets. Which disk holds the shard a needle
        /// actually spans is the whole difference between reaching one disk and
        /// reaching both, so the LOCAL/CHECKSUM tests move shard 0 to disk 1.
        dir0_shard_id: u8,
        dir1_shard_id: u8,
        /// dir0's own `.vif` encode identity. `None` writes NO `.vif` in dir0 at
        /// all -- the original layout, where `locate_vif_path` falls through to
        /// dir1's copy and both runtimes therefore agree. `Some(ts)` writes one,
        /// which is what lets the two disks disagree and drives the identity
        /// fence in `merge_ec_runtimes`.
        dir0_encode_ts_ns: Option<i64>,
        dir1_encode_ts_ns: i64,
        /// `false` writes the original 20 zero bytes: a structurally invalid
        /// index, so every scrub that walks it reports something. `true` writes
        /// one well-formed TOMBSTONE entry instead -- a deleted needle, which the
        /// walk skips -- so a FULL/READS scrub of this volume is CLEAN and a
        /// test can pin a clean-to-broken transition rather than a message.
        clean_index: bool,
        /// Where the generation-0 `.ecsum` is written. Its per-shard checksums
        /// do not describe the placeholder bytes, so a CHECKSUM scrub reports
        /// every shard it actually reads. With `Nowhere`, `bitrot_status` is
        /// `Off` on both disks and `EcChecksumScrubPlan::run` returns clean
        /// before touching a handle.
        bitrot_sidecar: SidecarPlacement,
    }

    /// Which disks get the `.ecsum`. The sidecar is deliberately NOT mirrored
    /// in production (`Store::ec_metadata_dirs` exists so one copy stays
    /// reachable rather than being duplicated), and at mount `EcVolume::new`
    /// resolves it with no sibling directories -- so `Dir1Only` is not an
    /// artificial shape, it is what a volume server looks like after any
    /// restart when the one copy happens to live on the non-anchor disk.
    #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
    enum SidecarPlacement {
        Nowhere,
        BothDisks,
        Dir1Only,
    }

    impl SplitDiskEcFixture {
        fn new(vid_raw: u32) -> Self {
            SplitDiskEcFixture {
                vid_raw,
                dir0_shard_id: 0,
                dir1_shard_id: 1,
                dir0_encode_ts_ns: None,
                dir1_encode_ts_ns: 0,
                clean_index: false,
                bitrot_sidecar: SidecarPlacement::Nowhere,
            }
        }

        fn build(self) -> (VolumeGrpcService, TempDir) {
            make_local_service_with_split_disk_ec_volume_from(self)
        }
    }

    fn make_local_service_with_split_disk_ec_volume_from(
        cfg: SplitDiskEcFixture,
    ) -> (VolumeGrpcService, TempDir) {
        let SplitDiskEcFixture {
            vid_raw,
            dir0_shard_id,
            dir1_shard_id,
            dir0_encode_ts_ns,
            dir1_encode_ts_ns,
            clean_index,
            bitrot_sidecar,
        } = cfg;

        let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let dir0 = tmp.path().join("data0");
        let dir1 = tmp.path().join("data1");
        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir0).unwrap();
        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir1).unwrap();

        let ec_vif = |encode_ts_ns: i64| crate::storage::volume::VifVolumeInfo {
            version: 3,
            ec_shard_config: Some(crate::storage::volume::VifEcShardConfig {
                data_shards: 10,
                parity_shards: 4,
                encode_ts_ns,
                ..Default::default()
            }),
            ..Default::default()
        };

        // dir0: one shard, no .ecx.
        std::fs::write(
            dir0.join(format!("{}.ec{:02}", vid_raw, dir0_shard_id)),
            b"shard data nonempty",
        )
        .unwrap();
        if let Some(ts) = dir0_encode_ts_ns {
            std::fs::write(
                dir0.join(format!("{}.vif", vid_raw)),
                serde_json::to_string(&ec_vif(ts)).unwrap(),
            )
            .unwrap();
        }
        // dir1: one shard plus the index files.
        std::fs::write(
            dir1.join(format!("{}.ec{:02}", vid_raw, dir1_shard_id)),
            b"shard data nonempty",
        )
        .unwrap();
        let ecx = if clean_index {
            let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
            crate::storage::idx::write_index_entry(
                &mut buf,
                crate::storage::types::NeedleId(1),
                crate::storage::types::Offset::from_actual_offset(0),
                crate::storage::types::TOMBSTONE_FILE_SIZE,
            )
            .unwrap();
            buf
        } else {
            vec![0u8; 20]
        };
        std::fs::write(dir1.join(format!("{}.ecx", vid_raw)), ecx).unwrap();
        std::fs::write(dir1.join(format!("{}.ecj", vid_raw)), b"").unwrap();
        std::fs::write(
            dir1.join(format!("{}.vif", vid_raw)),
            serde_json::to_string(&ec_vif(dir1_encode_ts_ns)).unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        if bitrot_sidecar != SidecarPlacement::Nowhere {
            use crate::pb::volume_server_pb::{
                ChecksumAlgorithm, EcBitrotProtection, EcShardChecksums,
            };
            use crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_bitrot;
            let prot = EcBitrotProtection {
                algorithm: ChecksumAlgorithm::ChecksumCrc32c as i32,
                block_size: ec_bitrot::DEFAULT_BITROT_BLOCK_SIZE as u32,
                generation: 0,
                ec_shard_config: Some(ec_bitrot::ec_shard_config(10, 4, 0)),
                shards: (0..14u32)
                    .map(|shard_id| EcShardChecksums {
                        shard_id,
                        covered_size: 4,
                        block_crc32c: vec![0u8; 4],
                    })
                    .collect(),
                encode_uuid: vec![0u8; 16],
            };
            // Each runtime resolves its sidecar from its own directory at mount
            // (`load_bitrot_for_generation` gets no sibling dirs there), so a
            // disk that gets no copy here mounts `BitrotStatus::Off`.
            let sidecar_dirs: Vec<&std::path::Path> = match bitrot_sidecar {
                SidecarPlacement::Nowhere => Vec::new(),
                SidecarPlacement::BothDisks => vec![dir0.as_path(), dir1.as_path()],
                SidecarPlacement::Dir1Only => vec![dir1.as_path()],
            };
            for d in sidecar_dirs {
                let base = crate::storage::volume::volume_file_name(
                    d.to_str().unwrap(),
                    "",
                    VolumeId(vid_raw),
                );
                ec_bitrot::save_bitrot_sidecar(&ec_bitrot::bitrot_sidecar_path(&base, 0), &prot)
                    .unwrap();
            }
        }

        let mut store = Store::new(NeedleMapKind::InMemory);
        for d in [&dir0, &dir1] {
            store
                .add_location(
                    d.to_str().unwrap(),
                    d.to_str().unwrap(),
                    100,
                    DiskType::HardDrive,
                    MinFreeSpace::Percent(0.0),
                    Vec::new(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }

        (split_disk_grpc_service(store), tmp)
    }

    /// Wrap a hand-built two-location `Store` in the full
    /// `VolumeServerState` the gRPC handlers need. Shared by the split-disk
    /// fixtures so a second one costs a store, not another copy of this
    /// 50-line literal.
    fn split_disk_grpc_service(store: Store) -> VolumeGrpcService {
        let state = Arc::new(VolumeServerState {
            store: RwLock::new(store),
            guard: RwLock::new(Guard::new(
                &[],
                SigningKey(vec![]),
                0,
                SigningKey(vec![]),
                0,
            )),
            is_stopping: RwLock::new(false),
            maintenance: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false),
            state_version: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0),
            concurrent_upload_limit: 0,
            concurrent_download_limit: 0,
            inflight_upload_data_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
            inflight_download_data_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(60),
            inflight_upload_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
            inflight_download_bytes: std::sync::atomic::AtomicI64::new(0),
            upload_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            download_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            data_center: String::new(),
            rack: String::new(),
            file_size_limit_bytes: 0,
            maintenance_byte_per_second: 0,
            is_heartbeating: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(true),
            has_master: false,
            pre_stop_seconds: 0,
            volume_state_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            write_queue: std::sync::OnceLock::new(),
            s3_tier_registry: std::sync::RwLock::new(
                crate::remote_storage::s3_tier::S3TierRegistry::new(),
            ),
            read_mode: crate::config::ReadMode::Local,
            allow_untrusted_remote_endpoints: false,
            master_url: String::new(),
            master_urls: Vec::new(),
            seed_master_set: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            current_master_url: tokio::sync::RwLock::new(String::new()),
            self_url: String::new(),
            http_client: reqwest::Client::new(),
            outgoing_http_scheme: "http".to_string(),
            outgoing_grpc_tls: None,
            metrics_runtime: std::sync::RwLock::new(
                crate::server::volume_server::RuntimeMetricsConfig::default(),
            ),
            metrics_notify: tokio::sync::Notify::new(),
            fix_jpg_orientation: false,
            has_slow_read: false,
            read_buffer_size_bytes: 1024 * 1024,
            security_file: String::new(),
            cli_white_list: vec![],
            state_file_path: String::new(),
        });

        VolumeGrpcService { state }
    }

    /// The dedupe lives on the implicit (empty `volume_ids`) path of
    /// `scrub_ec_volume` itself -- `scrub_ec_volumes` is handed an
    /// already-deduped list by every other caller in this test module, so it
    /// cannot exercise this regression. Before the fix, flat-mapping every
    /// location's `ec_volumes()` visited this split-disk vid twice and
    /// `total_volumes` counted it twice.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_scrub_ec_volume_node_wide_dedupes_a_split_disk_volume() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_split_disk_ec_volume(7040);

        let resp = service
            .scrub_ec_volume(Request::new(volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeRequest {
                mode: 1,
                volume_ids: vec![],
                force_deleted_needles_check: false,
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_inner();

        assert_eq!(
            resp.total_volumes, 1,
            "a vid split across two disks must be scrubbed once, not once per disk"
        );
    }

    /// Issue one scrub mode against a single vid on a split-disk service.
    async fn scrub_split_disk(
        service: &VolumeGrpcService,
        vid_raw: u32,
        mode: i32,
    ) -> volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeResponse {
        service
            .scrub_ec_volume(Request::new(volume_server_pb::ScrubEcVolumeRequest {
                mode,
                volume_ids: vec![vid_raw],
                force_deleted_needles_check: false,
            }))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_inner()
    }

    /// FULL/READS resolves shard locations up front, and with no master
    /// configured that lookup fails and short-circuits the whole scrub with an
    /// error of its own. Seed the cache so the needle walk actually runs and the
    /// response reflects the volume rather than the missing master.
    fn seed_all_shard_locations(service: &VolumeGrpcService, vid_raw: u32) {
        let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
        for ecv in store.find_all_ec_volumes(VolumeId(vid_raw)) {
            let mut locs = ecv.shard_locations.write().unwrap();
            for sid in 0u8..14 {
                locs.insert(sid, vec!["127.0.0.1:255.1".to_string()]);
            }
            *ecv.shard_locations_refresh_time.lock().unwrap() = Some(std::time::Instant::now());
        }
    }

    /// A disk the identity fence excluded is a disk the scrub did not read,
    /// and the mode 2|5 arm must say so. `merge_ec_runtimes` hands the
    /// exclusions back as `skipped`; the arm folds them into `errs`, which
    /// flags the volume broken and prints the line. Before that, a volume
    /// whose disks disagreed on encode identity scrubbed the anchor and
    /// reported CLEAN -- the sibling disk went unmentioned.
    ///
    /// Both halves of the TRANSITION are asserted here: the same layout with
    /// the disks AGREEING is clean, so the clean-to-broken change is pinned,
    /// not just the message text.
    ///
    /// Across modes, `BitrotStatus::Off` is now the ONLY place an exclusion
    /// goes unreported: modes 2|5 and 3 always report it, and mode 4 reports it
    /// on `On` and (since `ec: report fenced-out disks on a malformed sidecar
    /// too`) on `Invalid`. `Off` returns `(0, [], [])` before reporting
    /// `skipped` because that is a hard Go-parity contract
    /// (`case BitrotOff: return 0, nil, nil`), so on an unprotected generation
    /// a CHECKSUM scrub of a fenced volume is clean and the excluded disk goes
    /// unmentioned. That single exception is deliberate, not an oversight.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_scrub_ec_volume_full_reports_a_fenced_out_disk() {
        // Control: identical layout, both disks on encode run 200.
        let (agreeing, _tmp_a) = SplitDiskEcFixture {
            dir0_encode_ts_ns: None, // no dir0 .vif => falls through to dir1's
            dir1_encode_ts_ns: 200,
            clean_index: true,
            ..SplitDiskEcFixture::new(7050)
        }
        .build();
        seed_all_shard_locations(&agreeing, 7050);
        {
            let store = agreeing.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let gens: Vec<i64> = store
                .find_all_ec_volumes(VolumeId(7050))
                .iter()
                .map(|v| v.encode_ts_ns)
                .collect();
            assert_eq!(gens, vec![200, 200], "control fixture must NOT be fenced");
        }

        // The fenced volume: dir0 carries its own, older encode identity.
        let (fenced, _tmp_f) = SplitDiskEcFixture {
            dir0_encode_ts_ns: Some(100),
            dir1_encode_ts_ns: 200,
            clean_index: true,
            ..SplitDiskEcFixture::new(7051)
        }
        .build();
        seed_all_shard_locations(&fenced, 7051);
        {
            let store = fenced.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let gens: Vec<i64> = store
                .find_all_ec_volumes(VolumeId(7051))
                .iter()
                .map(|v| v.encode_ts_ns)
                .collect();
            assert_eq!(
                gens,
                vec![100, 200],
                "fixture must mount both disks with DISAGREEING encode identities \
                 for this to be meaningful"
            );
        }

        // Both FULL (2) and READS (5) share the arm, so both must report it.
        for mode in [2, 5] {
            let clean = scrub_split_disk(&agreeing, 7050, mode).await;
            assert!(
                clean.broken_volume_ids.is_empty() && clean.details.is_empty(),
                "mode {mode}: agreeing disks must scrub clean, else the fenced \
                 case below proves nothing: {:?} {:?}",
                clean.broken_volume_ids,
                clean.details
            );

            let resp = scrub_split_disk(&fenced, 7051, mode).await;
            assert_eq!(
                resp.broken_volume_ids,
                vec![7051],
                "mode {mode}: a fenced-out disk must flag the volume broken, not \
                 pass silently: {:?}",
                resp.details
            );
            assert_eq!(
                resp.details.len(),
                1,
                "mode {mode}: the exclusion is the only finding: {:?}",
                resp.details
            );
            assert!(
                resp.details[0].starts_with("ecvol 7051: ")
                    && resp.details[0].contains("belong to encode run 100")
                    && resp.details[0].contains("they were not verified"),
                "mode {mode}: {:?}",
                resp.details
            );
        }
    }

    /// LOCAL and CHECKSUM must verify the shards on EVERY disk holding the vid,
    /// not the ones on whichever disk `find_ec_volume` happened to return. The
    /// layout makes that observable: disk 0 -- the disk the singular lookup
    /// returns -- holds only shard 5, while shard 0 (the one the volume's single
    /// needle spans, and the one the checksum sidecar is checked against) lives
    /// on disk 1. Built from disk 0 alone, both scrubs simply never look at
    /// shard 0.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_scrub_ec_volume_local_and_checksum_reach_the_sibling_disk() {
        // LOCAL reads only the shards the volume's one needle spans, so shard 5
        // is never touched; CHECKSUM reads every shard it holds, so both appear.
        for (vid_raw, mode, bitrot_sidecar, want_broken) in [
            (7052u32, 3i32, SidecarPlacement::Nowhere, &[0u32][..]),
            (7053, 4, SidecarPlacement::BothDisks, &[0, 5][..]),
        ] {
            let (service, _tmp) = SplitDiskEcFixture {
                dir0_shard_id: 5,
                dir1_shard_id: 0,
                bitrot_sidecar,
                ..SplitDiskEcFixture::new(vid_raw)
            }
            .build();

            {
                let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
                let first = store
                    .find_ec_volume(VolumeId(vid_raw))
                    .expect("the singular lookup must still resolve the vid");
                assert!(
                    !first.has_shard(0) && first.has_shard(5),
                    "mode {mode}: the first-disk runtime must NOT hold shard 0, or a \
                     first-disk-only scrub would reach it anyway and this proves nothing"
                );
                assert!(
                    store
                        .find_all_ec_volumes(VolumeId(vid_raw))
                        .iter()
                        .any(|v| v.has_shard(0)),
                    "mode {mode}: fixture must mount shard 0 on the sibling disk"
                );
            }

            let resp = scrub_split_disk(&service, vid_raw, mode).await;
            let mut broken: Vec<u32> = resp.broken_shard_infos.iter().map(|s| s.shard_id).collect();
            broken.sort_unstable();
            assert!(
                broken.contains(&0),
                "mode {mode}: shard 0 lives on the sibling disk and was never \
                 verified: shards={broken:?} details={:?}",
                resp.details
            );
            assert_eq!(
                broken, want_broken,
                "mode {mode}: details={:?}",
                resp.details
            );
            assert_eq!(resp.broken_volume_ids, vec![vid_raw]);
        }
    }

    /// CHECKSUM must not source bitrot protection from the ANCHOR alone.
    ///
    /// The `.ecsum` sidecar is deliberately not mirrored across disks, and at
    /// mount `EcVolume::new` resolves it with no sibling directories -- only
    /// `VolumeEcShardsMount` ever passes `ec_metadata_dirs()`. So after any
    /// volume-server restart the split-disk runtime that does not hold the
    /// sidecar mounts `BitrotStatus::Off`. The anchor is the first
    /// shard-bearing runtime at the maximum `encode_ts_ns`, picked with no
    /// regard for which disk holds the sidecar -- so whenever the one copy
    /// lands on the non-anchor disk (about half of all mirrored split-disk
    /// layouts), taking `(prot, status)` from the anchor made `run()` return
    /// `(0, [], [])` and the WHOLE volume scrubbed clean, silently. That is the
    /// exact failure this branch exists to remove.
    ///
    /// The fixture is the same one the sibling-disk test uses, with the sidecar
    /// written to dir1 ONLY. Both disks agree on encode identity, so nothing is
    /// fenced and the plan's `unverifiable_sidecar` early return cannot fire --
    /// the volume must actually be SCANNED, and the placeholder shard bytes do
    /// not match the sidecar, so every shard the merge reaches is reported.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_checksum_scrub_takes_protection_from_the_disk_that_has_the_sidecar() {
        let (service, _tmp) = SplitDiskEcFixture {
            dir0_shard_id: 5,
            dir1_shard_id: 0,
            bitrot_sidecar: SidecarPlacement::Dir1Only,
            ..SplitDiskEcFixture::new(7054)
        }
        .build();

        // Without this the test could pass for the wrong reason: if the anchor
        // ever resolved the sibling's sidecar itself, sourcing from the anchor
        // would be fine and this would prove nothing.
        {
            use crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_bitrot::BitrotStatus;
            let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let runtimes = store.find_all_ec_volumes(VolumeId(7054));
            assert_eq!(
                runtimes.len(),
                2,
                "fixture must mount the vid on both disks"
            );
            assert_eq!(
                runtimes[0].bitrot_status,
                BitrotStatus::Off,
                "the ANCHOR disk must have NO sidecar, or this proves nothing"
            );
            assert_eq!(
                runtimes[1].bitrot_status,
                BitrotStatus::On,
                "the sibling disk must be the one carrying protection"
            );
            assert_eq!(
                runtimes[0].encode_ts_ns, runtimes[1].encode_ts_ns,
                "the disks must AGREE on encode identity, so nothing is fenced \
                 and the unverifiable-sidecar early return cannot mask the scan"
            );
        }

        let resp = scrub_split_disk(&service, 7054, 4).await;
        let mut broken: Vec<u32> = resp.broken_shard_infos.iter().map(|s| s.shard_id).collect();
        broken.sort_unstable();
        assert_eq!(
            broken,
            vec![0, 5],
            "the volume must be SCANNED against the sibling's sidecar, not \
             returned clean-empty because the anchor mounted BitrotStatus::Off: \
             details={:?}",
            resp.details
        );
        assert_eq!(
            resp.broken_volume_ids,
            vec![7054],
            "details={:?}",
            resp.details
        );
    }

    /// A two-location store holding a REAL 10+4 encoded volume with EVERY data
    /// and parity shard present, scattered across both disks: shards 0..=6 on
    /// disk 0, shards 7..=13 plus the `.ecx`/`.ecj`/`.vif` on disk 1. Disk 0
    /// gets no index files, so its shards mount only through the cross-disk
    /// reconcile -- the real split-disk shape.
    ///
    /// This is the only layout that reaches mode 2's local Reed-Solomon parity
    /// check over a genuinely MULTI-DIRECTORY `dirs`. The check is gated on
    /// `all_local`, so every shard has to be present; the existing all-local
    /// fixture keeps them in one directory, where every entry of `dirs` is the
    /// same string and a permutation or off-by-one in the `slots` -> `dirs`
    /// mapping is invisible.
    ///
    /// The `.dat`/`.idx` are left in a third directory that is NOT a store
    /// location, so `prune_incomplete_ec_with_sibling_dat` finds no sibling
    /// `.dat` and cannot delete the EC artefacts out from under the fixture.
    fn make_service_with_two_disk_complete_ec_volume(vid_raw: u32) -> (VolumeGrpcService, TempDir) {
        let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let src = tmp.path().join("src");
        let dir0 = tmp.path().join("data0");
        let dir1 = tmp.path().join("data1");
        for d in [&src, &dir0, &dir1] {
            std::fs::create_dir_all(d).unwrap();
        }
        let src_s = src.to_str().unwrap();
        let vid = VolumeId(vid_raw);

        // A real volume, really encoded: a parity check needs genuine
        // Reed-Solomon parity to agree with, or "no corruption" means nothing.
        {
            let mut v = crate::storage::volume::Volume::new(
                src_s,
                src_s,
                vid,
                NeedleMapKind::InMemory,
                &crate::storage::volume::VolumeSpec::default(),
            )
            .unwrap();
            for i in 1..=8u64 {
                let data = format!("test data for needle {} with a bit more length", i);
                let mut n = crate::storage::needle::Needle {
                    id: crate::storage::types::NeedleId(i),
                    cookie: crate::storage::types::Cookie(i as u32),
                    data: data.as_bytes().to_vec(),
                    data_size: data.len() as u32,
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                v.write_needle(&mut n, true, false).unwrap();
            }
            v.sync_to_disk().unwrap();
            v.close();
        }
        crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_encoder::write_ec_files(src_s, src_s, "", vid, 10, 4)
            .unwrap();

        for id in 0..14u8 {
            let target = if id < 7 { &dir0 } else { &dir1 };
            std::fs::rename(
                format!("{}/{}.ec{:02}", src_s, vid_raw, id),
                format!("{}/{}.ec{:02}", target.to_str().unwrap(), vid_raw, id),
            )
            .unwrap();
        }
        let idx_dir = dir1.to_str().unwrap();
        std::fs::rename(
            format!("{}/{}.ecx", src_s, vid_raw),
            format!("{}/{}.ecx", idx_dir, vid_raw),
        )
        .unwrap();
        std::fs::write(format!("{}/{}.ecj", idx_dir, vid_raw), b"").unwrap();
        std::fs::write(
            format!("{}/{}.vif", idx_dir, vid_raw),
            serde_json::to_string(&crate::storage::volume::VifVolumeInfo {
                version: 3,
                ec_shard_config: Some(crate::storage::volume::VifEcShardConfig {
                    data_shards: 10,
                    parity_shards: 4,
                    ..Default::default()
                }),
                ..Default::default()
            })
            .unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        let mut store = Store::new(NeedleMapKind::InMemory);
        for d in [&dir0, &dir1] {
            store
                .add_location(
                    d.to_str().unwrap(),
                    d.to_str().unwrap(),
                    100,
                    DiskType::HardDrive,
                    MinFreeSpace::Percent(0.0),
                    Vec::new(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }

        (split_disk_grpc_service(store), tmp)
    }

    /// The branch's newest production behavior, end to end: a mode 2 scrub of a
    /// SPLIT-DISK volume whose shards are all local but spread over two
    /// directories.
    ///
    /// `all_local` is now computed from the merged view, so this layout reaches
    /// the local Reed-Solomon parity check for the first time -- and
    /// `verify_ec_shards` is handed a `dirs` vector whose entries differ.
    /// `test_scrub_ec_volume_reads_mode_reconstructs_missing_shard` also reaches
    /// `all_local == true`, but every entry of its `dirs` is the same string, so
    /// a permutation or off-by-one in the `slots` -> `dirs` mapping (the mode
    /// 2|5 arm) cannot be observed there; and
    /// `test_verify_ec_shards_reads_shards_from_multiple_dirs` builds its `dirs`
    /// by hand and never goes through `merge_ec_runtimes` at all.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_scrub_ec_volume_full_parity_checks_a_two_disk_all_local_volume() {
        let (service, tmp) = make_service_with_two_disk_complete_ec_volume(7060);
        seed_all_shard_locations(&service, 7060);
        let dir0 = tmp.path().join("data0").to_str().unwrap().to_string();
        let dir1 = tmp.path().join("data1").to_str().unwrap().to_string();

        // The fixture must actually produce the shape under test: every shard
        // mounted, and the mapping the mode 2|5 arm builds `dirs` from spanning
        // BOTH directories. Without this the test could pass over a one-disk
        // layout and prove nothing about the mapping.
        {
            let store = service.state.store.read().unwrap();
            let runtimes = store.find_all_ec_volumes(VolumeId(7060));
            assert_eq!(runtimes.len(), 2, "the vid must mount on both disks");
            let merged = crate::storage::erasure_coding::ec_volume::merge_ec_runtimes(&runtimes)
                .expect("two runtimes merge");
            assert!(merged.skipped.is_empty(), "{:?}", merged.skipped);
            let dirs: Vec<String> = (0..14)
                .map(|id| {
                    merged.slots[id]
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                            panic!(
                                "shard {id} is not mounted; all_local would be false \
                                 and the parity check would never run"
                            )
                        })
                        .0
                        .dir
                        .clone()
                })
                .collect();
            assert_eq!(dirs[0], dir0);
            assert_eq!(dirs[6], dir0);
            assert_eq!(dirs[7], dir1);
            assert_eq!(dirs[13], dir1);
        }

        // Real parity over a real encode, read through two directories: nothing
        // may be fabricated as corrupt.
        let resp = scrub_split_disk(&service, 7060, 2).await;
        assert!(
            resp.broken_volume_ids.is_empty() && resp.broken_shard_infos.is_empty(),
            "an intact two-disk volume must not be reported broken: {:?}",
            resp.details
        );
        assert!(resp.details.is_empty(), "{:?}", resp.details);
        assert_eq!(resp.total_files, 8, "the needle walk must have run");

        // ...and the parity check really RAN, over the SECOND disk's shards.
        // Shard 13 is a PARITY shard: the per-needle walk reads only live
        // data-shard intervals, so nothing but `verify_ec_shards` can see this,
        // and nothing but a correct `slots` -> `dirs` mapping can find the file.
        //
        // `assert_eq!` rather than `contains`, and the reason is specific:
        // `dirs` is indexed BY SHARD ID and carries only directories, so an
        // off-by-one or a permutation that lands the wrong DIRECTORY at some
        // index makes `verify_ec_shards` look for a shard file that is not
        // there -- the reported set is then not exactly `[13]`, which
        // `contains(&13)` would still accept. A permutation that stays WITHIN
        // one disk is not caught here: both entries name the same directory, so
        // it is unobservable through `dirs` at all. That is a limit of this
        // fixture, stated rather than papered over.
        let shard13 = format!("{}/7060.ec13", dir1);
        let mut bytes = std::fs::read(&shard13).unwrap();
        bytes[0] ^= 0xFF;
        std::fs::write(&shard13, &bytes).unwrap();

        let resp = scrub_split_disk(&service, 7060, 2).await;
        let broken: Vec<u32> = resp.broken_shard_infos.iter().map(|s| s.shard_id).collect();
        assert_eq!(
            broken,
            vec![13],
            "the parity check must reach disk 1 and blame exactly shard 13: {:?}",
            resp.details
        );
        assert_eq!(resp.broken_volume_ids, vec![7060]);
        assert!(
            resp.details
                .iter()
                .any(|d| d.contains("parity mismatch on shard 13")),
            "the finding must come from the parity check, not the needle walk: {:?}",
            resp.details
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn volume_delete_reports_absent_volume_as_not_found() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_service_with_seed_masters(&[]);
        let err = service
            .volume_delete(Request::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeDeleteRequest {
                volume_id: 4242,
                only_empty: false,
                keep_remote_data: false,
            }))
            .await
            .expect_err("deleting an absent volume must fail");
        assert_eq!(err.code(), tonic::Code::NotFound, "{err:?}");
        assert!(err.message().contains("not found"), "{err:?}");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn volume_delete_only_empty_refuses_a_volume_with_data() {
        let (service, _tmp) = make_local_service_with_volume("", None);
        let err = service
            .volume_delete(Request::new(volume_server_pb::VolumeDeleteRequest {
                volume_id: 1,
                only_empty: true,
                keep_remote_data: false,
            }))
            .await
            .expect_err("only_empty must refuse a volume holding a needle");
        assert_eq!(err.code(), tonic::Code::FailedPrecondition, "{err:?}");
        assert!(err.message().contains("volume not empty"), "{err:?}");
        assert!(
            service
                .state
                .store
                .read()
                .unwrap()
                .find_volume(VolumeId(1))
                .is_some(),
            "refused delete must leave the volume mounted"
        );
    }
}